The Confederates were hit from three sides and melted away while the Wisconsin soldiers, accompanied by the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters and the 14th Brooklyn, moved toward the high ground around the Dunker Church, still several hundred yards away. While the Battle of Antietam is considered a tactical draw, President Lincoln claims a strategic victory. Two divisions under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws were to approach the arsenal from the north and seize the commanding position of Maryland Heights. Despite having the advantage, he allowed Lee to retreat without resistance. The Cornfield 5. Lost Order, Lost Cause. The distance closed to 30 yards, and the two sides blazed away at one another. On September 9, Lee issued Special Order 191 defining his Maryland Campaign. His plan to enter northern territory divided his army, sending each unit to march on a specific town: Boonsboro and Hagerstown in Maryland, and Harpers Ferry and Martinsburg in West Virginia. To take it, Hookers divisions would advance along the turnpike between the East and West Woods, through the pastures of the Miller farm, and across the cornfield at the turnpikes eastern edge. The injured limb had to be amputated, but he lived until 1898. It was finalized on the afternoon of the 16th, a full day after McClellan had arrived on the scene. By 9:30 a.m. thousands of them lay dead and dying. In 20 minutes of fighting, Duryea lost 300 men. The next day, as Lee began the painstaking job of moving his ravaged troops back to Virginia, McClellan, surprisingly, did nothing. From my earliest study of the war, I was fascinated by the idea that its events could transform otherwise mundane spots into unique and special places, with Antietam's Cornfield being one of the most singular. John Cook swung his bugle over his shoulder and wrested from the dead man his leather pouch, bearing the undelivered shell without which the cannon was useless. Hood, a Kentuckian, commanded a full division including his old brigade of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, the 18th Georgia, Brig. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War . Hooker, conspicuously mounted on a white charger, rode to the southern edge of the cornfield and saw an opportunity to rally the remains of his corps, bring artillery forward, and join with XII Corps to strike the decisive blow. The List Price is the suggested retail price of a new product as provided by a manufacturer, supplier, or seller. The number increased, and larger and larger grew the field of the blue until it seemed to stretch as far as the eye could see, and from the tops of the mountains down to the edges of the stream gathered the great army of . The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells the story of what happened in David Miller's once-peaceful farm field on 17 September 1862, which opened the Civil War Battle of Antietam - America's single bloodiest day. Encyclopedia Virginia.The Significance of the Battle of Antietam. Simultaneously, the hostile battle lines opened a tremendous fire upon each other. Central Intelligence Agency.The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War. While Douglass and Walker held on, Colonel Harry T. Hays hard-fighting Louisiana brigade, nicknamed the Louisiana Tigers, moved forward. The Cornfield Trail at Antietam National Battlefield. (Part Two): The Complicated Story of Virginias General John R.Jones, Cowards in the Cornfield? Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at . 2. Under withering fire the Union vanguard pushed forward and the five Pennsylvania regiments of Meades 1st Brigade, under Brig. 126, May 18,2020, D. R. Millers Cornfield was a long way from New Orleans docks and marshes, but for many "Louisiana Tigers" in Hays Brigade this deadly spot would become their final resting place, By David A. Welker With my book on Antietam's Cornfield finally published, click here for a brief taste of some of the big themes it discusses: "The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody Turning Point" And if you'd like a preview to read a few pages, here's another link you can click on Continue reading The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint. Artillery to dislodge the Rebels to his front. Among the wounded during two hours of savage fighting was Lt. Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, commander of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and a future president of the United States. General James Longstreet "On the forenoon of the 15th, the blue uniforms of the Federals appeared among the trees that crowned the heights on the eastern bank of the Antietam. Stop the Largest Rezoning in Orange County History, Nineteenth-Century Geolocation: The Elliott Map of Antietam, Antietam: Federal Flank Attack at Dunker Church, Lessons From the Fallen: Depictions of the Dead of Antietam, Antietam | Burnside's Bridge | Sep 17, 1862. Within minutes, Doubledays hard-won progress was completely reversed. Among the wounded were Sergeant Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who had found Lees lost orders four days earlier. The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 56,000 acres in 25 states! Apparently it never reached the general. Hill forced Cox back to Foxs Gap with a gritty, tooth-and-nail defense that included arming cooks, clerks, and teamsters. Lee had no illusions of holding the gaps for an extended period, but any delay in the Union advance might allow the Army of Northern Virginia to escape destruction. The water is deep, swift, and crossable only at three stone bridges, making it a natural defensible location. It was never my fortune to witness a more bloody, dismal battlefield.. Late on the afternoon of the 16th, Hooker crossed Antietam Creek intending to position more than 8,000 Union troops to launch the attack the following morning. Corps and divisions moved as languidly to the places assigned them as if they were getting ready for a grand review instead of a decisive battle.. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred on September 17, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. In the 1864 election he was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States. Fearful that his untried troops would break and run, Mansfield countermanded an order to deploy from columns into line of battle, and the massed ranks became a prime target for Confederate artillery. Go to the next tour stop - the West Woods As night fell, thousands of bodies littered the sprawling Antietam battlefield and both sides regrouped and claimed their dead and wounded. From his headquarters at Chantilly, Virginia, Lee wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis of his intent to carry the war to Northern soil. Captain Benjamin F. Cook of the 12th Massachusetts remembered the horrific fighting in the cornfield and its aftermath. Antietam's opening fight turned a field of crops into a scene of slaughter. Victories there, could lead to the capture of the Federal capital in Washington, D.C. Confederate success could also influence impending Congressional elections in the North and persuade European nations to recognize the Confederate States of America. Just twelve hours of intense and often close-range fighting with muskets and cannons had resulted in around 23,000 casualties, including an estimated 3,650 dead. This article about the American Civil War is a stub. A military victory in the North, Lee reasoned, would all but assure recognition of the Confederate States of America as a sovereign nation. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! Reinforcements from Longstreet tried to stem the tide but were driven back. Union gunfire wounded Private William Calton Odum of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the right arm during the morning fight in the Cornfield. McClellans plan of attack depended on coordination and timing all along the line. Lee wrote to McLaws: The day has gone against us and this army will go by Sharpsburg and cross the river. Fighting raged into the gathering darkness as Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig. There are more than 22,000 casualties at the Battle of Antietam. Their company commander, Captain Kop, was killed. After more than an hour of fighting around the East Woods and the eastern half of the cornfield, the Federals had failed to press their slight advantage, feeding troops into the battle piecemeal as the Confederates had rushed reinforcements from the center to stem the Union tide. The Iron Brigade headed down the turnpike and into the northwest corner of the cornfield, while Duryea struck toward the East Woods and the cornfields southern edge. Three brigades from Hills division supported Hoods defenders, and Brig. After the war-weary general repeatedly refused Lincolns orders to pursue Lees retreating troops, Lincoln removed McClellan from command on November 5, 1862. Not only did the Battle of Antietam change the course of the Civil War, it also brought to light the horror of war in a way never seen before, thanks to photographer Alexander Gardners dramatic battlefield photographs. By 5:30 am, the morning fog had burned off enough for the Confederate horse artillery under Major John Pelham to fire at the Union vanguard from Nicodemus Hill. After losing his command, McClellan took up a new careerpolitics. Meanwhile, on September 2, McClellan retook command of the army to the cheers of his men. Our first stop is D. R. Miller's farm, around which swirled fighting in the bloody Cornfield By David A. Welker One of the most enjoyable moments when researching history comes in finding something new, even when that thing is quite old. Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield America's bloodiest day began with heavy fighting that ravaged a previously innocuous cornfield in western Maryland. Harpers Ferry was still in Union hands, and McClellans advance toward South Mountain was disturbing. Still, it endorsed the idea that the war wasnt just about states rights but also stopping slavery. North Woods 3. The ordeal on the Confederate left was not yet over. If successful in Maryland, the army might venture into Pennsylvania, destroy the vital Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge across the Susquehanna River, and threaten the state capital of Harrisburg. For more than three hours, fewer than 500 Confederate soldiers held Lower Bridge against multiple assaults by Union General Ambrose Burnsides Ninth Corps. While Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia were indeed triumphant, the Confederate commander realized all too well that his gains were temporary; he needed to undertake a bold stroke while the opportunity still presented itself. He thought McClellan missed a great opportunity to kick the Army of Northern Virginia while they were down and potentially end the war. Lincoln disagreed. Why is nurse Clara Barton considered a hero of Antietam? President Lincoln, however, wasnt pleased. One soldier of the 6th Wisconsin captured the essence of that horrific morning. Lincoln and McClellan had a tortured relationship. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Greenes 2nd Brigade, under Colonel Henry J. Stainrook, reached the Smoketown Road and unhinged the Confederate right flank. James Dougherty, 128th Pennsylvania Infantry, wounded in the Cornfield. The Tigers poured heavy fire into the 2nd and 6th Wisconsin, temporarily checking their advance. Lees positions provided natural cover, with an undulating landscape and rocky limestone outcroppings, while west of the Hagerstown Turnpike the knoll known as Nicodemus Hill offered a commanding position for Confederate artillery. The Pennsylvanians fired a tremendous volley into the flank of Colquitts brigade, already locked in heavy combat with Union troops in the clover pasture beyond the northern fringe of the cornfield. Here is their shared story By David A. Welker Werner Von Bachelle Continue reading Captain Von Bachelle and his canine friend sacrifice all in theCornfield. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Amidst a firestorm of Confederate shells, just as his brigade was heading into the hell of Antietam's Cornfield, Colonel William Christian suddenly muttered "I've always had a great fear of shelling." And with that, he simply vanished By David A. Welker William Henry Christian was born on April 9th 1825 in Utica, New York. Had Franklin overwhelmed McLaws and marched hard for Harpers Ferry, he might have lifted the siege and checked any subsequent movement by Jackson. Reaching the fence, the 6th Georgia had restored the Souths hold on the vital Cornfield only to find itself in a dire position. Nine regimental color bearers were killed, and in less than half an hour the 1st Texas lost 186 dead and wounded, more than 82 percent of its strength, the highest casualty rate of any regiment on either side during the entire war. Its authenticity was confirmed when Pittman noted Chiltons signature and recognized the handwriting of Lees adjutant, with whom he had served before the war. events, and resources, Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield. Unfortunately for the Union, this temporal advantage in the center is not followed up with further advances and eventually the Union defenders must abandon their position. Lee was left with few cards to play. Fewer know about the films opening scenes, which take Captain Shaw and the 2nd Massachusetts into the horror of the Cornfield. Prominent in Hoods defensive area was a plain, whitewashed church belonging to the German Baptist Brethren, a Christian sect that shunned anything ostentatious, including church steeples, and believed in baptism by full immersion. Gen. Wade Hamptons South Carolina Legion under the command of Colonel William T. Wofford, and a second brigade under Colonel Evander M. Law that consisted of the 4th Alabama, 2nd and 11th Mississippi, and the 6th North Carolina regiments. Brig. Works, was hot on the heels of the fleeing Federals and outran the rest of Woffords brigade. Because Federal and Confederate forces . Following the debacle at Second Bull Run, Lincoln turned again to McClellan, whose extreme timidity in the field was contrasted with his superb organizational skills and the enduring confidence of his men. Hooker sees thousands of his Federals felled in the corn rows, where, every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before. Despite the great Union numerical advantage, Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jacksons Confederate forces hold their ground near the Dunker Church. Gen. John Walkers division was to recross the Potomac and capture Loudoun Heights on the Virginia side of Harpers Ferry. The Civil War was in the midst of its second costly year, and the Union armies had yet to win a significant victory in the eastern theater. Gibbons command had fought with such ferocity at Turners Gap that Hooker commented that the men were as strong as iron. Lee directed Lt. Gen. James Longstreets three divisions to cross South Mountain, a ridgeline running north to south along the eastern edge of the Cumberland Valley, and proceed to Boonsboro, about halfway to Hagerstown. And it gave President Abraham Lincoln enough of a military victory to go forward with the Emancipation Proclamation . Gen. Samuel Sturgis, one of his division commanders, Hallo, Sam, I am dead! Within minutes, Reno proved as good as his word. Lincoln called the generals condition a bad case of the slows., Though well-liked by his men, McClellan could be vain and boastful. The situation was not as promising as Hooker had hoped. He was convinced that the bulk of Jacksons command, marching hard from Harpers Ferry, would reach the battlefield and swell his ranks to 50,000 men to confront McClellans force of 80,000. Colquitt lost 100 casualties in an already understrength brigade, while Rodes faced two full Federal divisions, Brig. On the other side, President Abraham Lincoln was counting on McClellan to bring him the victory he needed to keep Republican control of the Congress and issue a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. With the full commitment of McClellans troops, which outnumbered the Confederates two to one, the battle might have had a more definitive outcome. Swinging widely to the west, Jackson was to scoop up the enemy garrison at Martinsburg and move on to Harpers Ferry. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.The Battle of Antietam. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Gens. A short video presentation on Tour Stop 4, The Cornfield. In less than fifteen we were sending and receiving death missiles by the bushel. Hoods men drove north, forcing the First Corps back across the Cornfield. All Rights Reserved. At the same time, he began throwing together a patchwork defense of the South Mountain passes at Turners, Foxs, and Cramptons Gaps. The Tigers also clashed with Ricketts brigade, under Colonel Richard Coulter, who had replaced the wounded Hartsuff, as the Federals rushed through the shattered cornfield. The fighting was so gory Sunken Road earned a new name: Bloody Lane. Jackson summoned his last reserves, the 2,300 men of Hoods division. McClellan had given him the option to push on to relieve the trapped garrison at the arsenal, but McLaws hastily put together a defensive line that gave Franklin pause. We cannot afford to be idle.. As he was carried to the rear, Reno yelled to Brig. Originally designated the 2nd Continue reading The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Cornfield: Solitary and alone, we gave and took ourmedicine, Barely two dozen yards ahead lay the northern end of the Cornfield. More Union troops joined in from across the turnpike, and the Texans were caught in a murderous crossfire. Lee knew that the capacity of the Union to wage war was virtually limitless. Running southward, XII Corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph K.F. Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Instead, Lee ordered his army to regroup at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. He contemplated issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, a document that freed all slaves in the rebellious states. These Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina troops stood fast and poured such deadly fire into the Pennsylvanians that they fell back to the cover of the trees. He takes his opportunity on September 22. Excellent summaries of the individual skirmishes and the overall battle. The Army of the Potomac began to concentrate that night, but during the following day McClellan declined to make a decisive move. Later in the war, Lincoln authorized Barton to form the Office of Correspondence with Friends of Missing Men in the United States Army, an effort that eventually identified 22,000 missing Union soldiers. He also counted on McClellan to move slowly, which he did. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. It explains what happened in Antietam's Cornfield and why. He could not understand why his general was not on the tail of the Confederates, and he went to McClellans headquarters at Antietam to light a fire under him. Take a virtual tour of Antietam Battlefield by clicking on the links for the battlefield tour stops below. Mansfield spluttered, Yes, yes, you are right. Precisely at that moment a bullet hit the 58-year-old general squarely in the chest. Gen. William French and Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, crossed Antietam Creek to support Mansfield. Western Maryland did not rally to the Stars and Bars. Artillery blasted Hoods Texans with double loads of canister, Gibbon moved in to personally direct the fire. 126, May 18,2020, The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint, Abner Doubleday in Antietams Cornfield: No Day in the (Baseball)Park, Garlands Brigade at the Cornfield: The Death of a Reputationand MuchMore, The 88th Pennsylvania at Antietam: A Cornfield Invalid SavesWashington, Farming the Cornfield: D. R. Millers 1862 Harvest ofDeath, Buffalo in the Cornfield: The 21st New York atAntietam, Claimed by the Cornfield: Georgias Colonel MarcellusDouglass, Cowards in the Cornfield? Lee invaded Maryland in September 1862 with a full agenda. Meanwhile, Lee was becoming anxious. Gen. George A. Hartsuff, moved forward. Williams sent the order to McClellan with a note that read: I enclose a Special Order of Gen. Lee commanding Rebel forces which was found on the field where my corps is encamped. The little hillock would be his objective for the morning attack. The rail fence provided little protection, and Starkes men fell in heaps. Nearing the end of 2018, well be bombarded by the annual parade of top ten lists counting down everything from the years news events to songs and online fads. They also ended any hope of France and Great Britain acknowledging the Confederacy and coming to their aid. Miller's 30-acre cornfield at Antietam. When the Union men loosed a volley in reply, Mansfield, who had only taken command two days earlier, became confused, believing that large numbers of Federal troops were still to their front. In a superb organizational effort lasting just four days, he completed the assimilation of units from the former Army of Virginia into the Army of the Potomac. On the Confederate left, two brigades under Brig. XII Corps had lost a quarter of its men during the rush across the cornfield toward the Dunker Church. Gen. Samuel Garland, mortally wounded just as he completed an assessment of the situation. . An up-close look at the people, places and turning points of the American Civil War. For the first time since hostilities opened, Virginia was largely free of Union troops. Typically, he waited until the morning of September 14 to get moving. With Federal forces closing in from the east, Lee selects strategic ground near Antietam Creek and orders his army to converge there. He believed McClellan spent too much of his command drilling troops and little of it pursuing Lee. Six weeks after Antietam, McClellan finally heeded his bosss advice and led the Army of the Potomac into Virginia, but at a snails pace. Miller, saw some of U.S. history's most horrific fighting. Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood wrote: "It was here that I witnessed the most terrible clash of arms, by far, that has occurred during the war." Stuarts cavalry screened the Confederate left while D.H. Hills five brigades were funneled into the center of the Confederate line and filed into the sunken road. Starkes Louisiana men took up positions along a rail fence on the east side of the Hagerstown Turnpike. His opponent, Abraham Lincoln, was reelected for another term. But do you know their experiences in the month and hours before marching together into the Cornfield? The smoke, heat and roar of battle deluged the senses, obliterating all rational thought. On the afternoon of September 16, Union general George B. McClellan sets his army in motion, sending Maj. Gen. Joseph Hookers First Corps across Antietam Creek to find Lees left flank. 191 that Chilton had intended for Hill. This 24-acre cornfield, owned by D.R. A recently discovered 1864 map suggests the Cornfield's human cost was even greater than previously understood, among other new insights it reveals about the men who fought in and around David Millers deadly Cornfield. His division had suffered 1,380 dead and wounded, about 60 percent of its strength, and was forced to withdraw to the West Woods. Gen. Jacob Coxs Kanawha Division were in control of Foxs Gap. Travel back in time to see Antietam's battlefield as it looked 134 years ago. Thomas Wait and myself told him that we were not firing at our own men for those that were firing at us from behind the trees had been firing at us from the first, recalled Libby. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. 1. 191, dated September 9. This is that story, Viewers of the 1989 film Glory know it tells the story of the 54th Massachusetts African American regiment and its commander, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, who share a fate at the 1863 assault on Fort Wagner. East Woods 4. By David A. Welker John Continue reading Cowards in the Cornfield? McClellans letters reveal his contempt for his commander-in-chief (whom he sometimes referred to as the Gorilla), and the historical record shows that as the war slogged on, Lincoln became increasingly frustrated with his generals timidity and excuses. Duryeas battered brigade withdrew through the cornfield toward the East Woods, exposing the Iron Brigades left flank. For generations of Americans, the word Antietam - the name of a bucolic stream in western Maryland - held the same sense of horror and carnage that the date 9/11 does for Americans today. The first Confederate shell struck the ranks of the 6th Wisconsin, killing two soldiers and wounding 11. National Park Service.The Maryland Campaign of 1862. Racing 150 yards ahead of the units on either side, the whooping Texans came within 30 yards of the Pennsylvanians, who rested their rifles on the lowest fence rails and fired a withering volley at the legs of the onrushing Rebels, shrouded in the thick smoke of battle. It pitted Confederate General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia against Union General George McClellans Army of the Potomac and was the culmination of Lees attempt to invade the north. Hoods division roared out of the West Woods, around the Dunker Church, and through a gap in the fence along the Hagerstown Turnpike, pitching furiously into the Iron Brigade. Forward, guide centre, halt. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. Hesitant to support a pro-slavery regime, England and France decline to form an alliance with the Confederate States of America. Also counted on McClellan to move slowly, which take Captain Shaw and the five Pennsylvania regiments of 1st. Trust and our members have saved more than 22,000 casualties at the Battle of?! And coming to their aid defining his Maryland Campaign held Lower Bridge against multiple by! 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