Name: Akbar the Great. [134] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. This process enabled European nations to replace native governments in the Americas. %".{l1AbL}9mmHY2[,ArDxPGW7]6vF x H"~,.fi)|$a WWHZ40\qe,\Aawj)g):\6 Gwe;sH- bV They had become Muslims and assimilated the culture of the Middle East, while keeping elements of their Far Eastern roots. His letter could be part of a calculated approach to get help restoring his political power by appealing to the Europeans attitude of superiority. . that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent leaders differed in their embrace of different religions. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. How did the Mughal Empire embrace different cultures in India? <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> [60], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. Omissions? %PDF-1.3 Cortes, perhaps seeking to impress the king, likely exaggerates in the claim that the victory was without ourselves sustaining any injury; still, the claim indicates both the strength of the Spanish military technology and their attitude of superiority that they used to justify their takeover of the existing Mexica government. The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution. [9], The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing, particularly cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. One such court was that of the qadi. [92], Various kinds of courts existed in the Mughal empire. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. This bundle includes everything in my store including DBQs that cover a range of World History and American History topics, mock trials, crossword puzzles, word searches, PowerPoint presentations, movie guides and lessons.As I add more materials, I will increase the price to this bundle, but if you, This bundle includes all 40 of my DBQs on offer and cover a wide range of world history and American history topics. 008g,:sVf"fWigbqCitVY*YFXP`Kp#GGK6p4(i4h Ab`RP>#D"@w5)fb>_YYy`'+a4# q(u`>; XzhT qu IE+V`QL6$6d 9'.-sli(1A!fQa8.J8/tG>*_<8sG\+JDNAHX*/nXA'P9xbE9\Cj$B,M%UGYPVdSf>)ER/@O'^qF+3Yhq(fDlGJ;%,&8V.d/(R}L&pm 8^Za "DD3:IX sq.AS3Ix5u7aG).@J This reinforced the rulers' connection to the sun God Inti. "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to mili- [92][94] The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. [172] Persian had a profound impact on the languages of South Asia; one such language, today known as Urdu, developed in the imperial capital of Delhi in the late Mughal era. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. Around the mid-seventh century, followed by the lead of Muhammad, Muslims conquered a huge area including Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa . The Mughal Emperors spent a significant portion of their ruling period within these camps. [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. Paradise it may have been, but it was a pricey paradise. Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire reached the peak of its military power, but the rule was unstable. <> [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. [43] His reign was called as "The Golden Age of Mughal Architecture". Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. The Taj Mahal houses the jewelled tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, much loved wife of emperor Shah Jehan . The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. Akbar took the policy of religious toleration even further by breaking with conventional Islam. ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! 2Z+v' ?6/)`VHB7&C2Z0F0F5U="2P]BbEQw4QUr&a{g+> . [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. This was a great activity to use to be able to give the students the chance to see primary sources from this era. %PDF-1.6 % The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan. e'e-i}R4PRXq$56/^;'L?g1,TXx@#]27*/s\x%2apd0b4.hsyYh:g}@3 'm0),* d&V9p# BAmtZf&T # *82X! Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor. |Wm[ a ;wV(tp7"`; d]V ,d^rJvBUc)2=@SUP 6ZnM@wp! mT. CA Privacy Policy Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed. [90], After Aurangzeb, the Mughal capital definitively became the walled city of Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi). [9]:185204 The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a public works department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct. [148], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (15511621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. <> [98] India's economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture", "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3", "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.", "A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor", The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed. [9] <> The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who used them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent. 18 0 obj Free-Response Questions. endobj [55] In contrast to Akbar, Jahangir came into conflict with non-Muslim religious leaders, notably the Sikh guru Arjan, whose execution was the first of many conflicts between the Mughal empire and the Sikh community. <> Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. Birth Year: 1542. [82], The Mughal Empire had a highly centralised, bureaucratic government, most of which was instituted during the rule of the third Mughal emperor Akbar. Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. <>>> The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India cut off the Mughal state to the south. 13 0 obj They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [52] Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the daughter of Chishti. This was larger than the entire urban population in Europe at the time, and even a century later in 1700, the urban population of England, Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13% of its total population,[142] while British India had an urban population that was under 13% of its total population in 1800 and 9% in 1881, a decline from the earlier Mughal era. Thus, the process of empire-building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political power. Fell through abuse of peasantry, extravagance of . After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<703B6BE470475CF53496B025F7C4275E><0763BC8545456C4FA029FD2F0F77CBE6>]/Index[147 19]/Info 146 0 R/Length 57/Prev 377749/Root 148 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream [184], While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy, Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. <> [112][113], According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. He encouraged conversion to Islam, reinstated the jizya on non-Muslims, and compiled the Fatawa 'Alamgiri, a collection of Islamic law. 1128 Words5 Pages. [127] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18 century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. [62]:68 Aurangzeb oversaw an increase in the Islamicization of the Mughal state. <> [167] Aurangzeb (16581707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. 7 0 obj The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. [174][175], Mughal India was one of the three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. Babur was followed by his son Humayun who was a bad emperor, a better poet, and a drug addict. Read more. [34] The term gained currency during the 19th century, but remains disputed by Indologists. It was also known for its cultural influence and its architectural achievements (most famously, the Taj Mahal). endobj [75], Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline, with little consensus on which factor was dominant. [178] In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",[43] as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to an Indian Muslim caste known as the Sadaat-e-Bara, whose leaders, the Sayyid Brothers, became the de-facto sovereigns of the empire. 10 0 obj At the same time, Europeans as a share of the population rose from 10 percent to 51.5 percent by 1860. [45] The Mughal empire was religiously tolerant under the rule of Akbar who was the grandson of Bubar. [120] Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops, such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650. Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration. [43] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. [97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. can earn you one point on both the DBQ and LEQ essays. From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. [130], Once, the Mughal emperor Akbar asked his courtiers, which was the most beautiful flower. All administration and governance was carried out within them. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. Students will learn how the Mughal Empire united and dominated the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years. The Culture and Politics of Persian in Precolonial Hindustan", "14. <>>> [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. S;gTt9)]UwJ*eF*EvJ#e!X,]c`XX,]bXU%EX[IQa[>Ncs5(wFq@ ko.Q;ChHW(Zf|+~lo^}*dtz1Ez*,Jqlz$tHlSGR/RxTikU*P>I4\Qb>^M1> mETiqM4FAP@!YE(ETs}-b4^K'W7O ~{2.)?Ov %PDF-1.5 The increase in the proportion of Europeans and blacks corresponds with the Spanish overrunning the native populations and instituting plantations. [citation needed] Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year. [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. Answer: Changez Khan (on mother's side) and Timur (on father's side) Tuzuk-i-baburi, the autobiography of Babur was written in which language? [97], The Mughal administration emphasised agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. DOCUMENT 3 DOCUMENT 4 Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their . comparative essay. xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP Copyright 2010. The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire's history. The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. Best Known For: Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor . Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. Document 2. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau . [93], The Mughal Empire also drew on Persianate notions of kingship. [125] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. [107][108] This, however, is disputed by Parthasarathi and Sivramkrishna. [183] Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. A#1P%YQ. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (17591806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. Bbur won the battles, but the expedition there too, like the one on the southern borders, was left unfinished. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance can be seen in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Stay in touch and follow me on Facebook and Pinterest. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . Privacy Policy Copyright Kaplan, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Humyn was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library. Key industries included textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. The imperial army, bogged down in long, futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas, lost its fighting spirit. Processed products included cotton textiles, yarns, thread, silk, jute products, metalware, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. By describing this potential threat to the emperor, the document hints at the potential for outsiders to take advantage of the political instability, as indeed the British merchants extended their economic influence into political control. It may be considered a version of a volley gun. [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. 2 0 obj G`dN4$Cz.7r Open Document. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. [124] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. By Jahan's period the capital had moved to the Red Fort in Delhi, putting the Fort at the heart of Mughal power. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. endobj [9] Under the zabt system, the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation, with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax-free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. %PDF-1.5 Persian language in the Indian subcontinent, History of gunpowder: India and the Mughal Empire, History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent, Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Jahan Shah, "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "EastWest Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism", "Precolonial Ethnic Violence:The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India", "The 'Great Firm' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire", "India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries", The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets, "The Disjointed Spaces of Precolonial Territorial Divisions", "Reflections on Religious Difference and Permissive Inclusion in Mughal Law", India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, "The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India", "The Early Modern Great Divergence: Wages, Prices and Economic Development in Europe and Asia 15001800", "Ascertaining Living Standards in Erstwhile Mysore, Southern India, from Francis Buchanan's Journey of 180001: An Empirical Contribution to the Great Divergence", "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c. 15001750)", "Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution", "Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar", The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, "Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain", "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (14501650)", "2. Spend the 15-minute reading period analyzing the documents themselves, thinking for each document about its authorship/historical situation, main idea, and why it was written. His tomb in Delhi, built several years after his death, is the first of the great Mughal architectural masterpieces; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. To the Europeans, this practice was extremely beneficial, and resulted in a bolstered economy that funded even further colonial exploits. In some cases, the emperor themself dispensed justice directly. [98][140] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[142]. At the same time there was a steady decay in the quality of Mughal government. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. [10] For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.[11]. Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. Bbur led an expedition against the rana and crushed the ranas forces at Khanua, near Fatehpur Sikri (March 1527), once again by means of the skillful positioning of troops. The Mughals were descendants of Timuraids, who hailed from Central Asia. [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. 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