These "myths" include the idea that most Germans did not know about the Holocaust; that only the SS, and not average members of the Wehrmacht, participated in murdering Jews; and that genocidal antisemitism was a uniquely Nazi ideology without historical antecedents. None of these is true.[75]. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In the interview, Mommsen distinguished three varieties of German antisemitism. [32] Goldhagen used antisemitic statements by Cardinal Adolf Bertram as typical of what he called the Roman Catholic Church's support for genocide. At most Goldhagen provides an explanation as to why people do the things they do regardless of their social or economic background. Third was the so-called vlkisch antisemitism or racism, the most vitriolic form, the foremost advocate of using violence.[47]. [49] Browning wrote: Goldhagen cites numerous instances of gratuitous and voluntaristic killing of Jews as relevant to assessing the attitudes of the killers. Another problem was the author's insistence that anti-Semitism throughout German history was the key reason that Germans wanted to kill Jews. What made Germany unique was the level of organization and planning that went into this genocide. Traditional explorations tended to accept at face value the usual defenses offered by the Germans: Either they did not . I read this years ago and was shocked at the implications of the author's premise, although not unwilling to accept it. In April 1996, before the book had appeared in German translation, Der Spiegel ran a cover story on Hitler's Willing Executioners under the title "Ein Volk von Dmonen?". [30] Goldhagen argued for the specific antisemitic nature of Battalion 101's violence by noting that in 1942 the battalion was ordered to shoot 200 Gentile Poles, and instead shot 78 Polish Catholics while shooting 180 Polish Jews later that same day. Indeed, fascist Spain was a haven for Jews during the Holocaust" he said. [50], About the long-term origins of the Holocaust, Browning argued that by the end of the 19th century, antisemitism was widely accepted by most German conservatives and that virtually all German conservatives supported the Nazi regime's antisemitic laws of 193334 (and the few who did object like President Hindenburg only objected to the inclusion of Jewish war veterans in the antisemitic laws that they otherwise supported) but that left to their own devices, would not have gone further and that for all their fierce anti-Semitism, German conservatives would not have engaged in genocide. [62] On 11 April 1935, Goerdeler ordered the end of Haake's boycott, and provided a list of "non-Aryan" physicians permitted to operate under the existing laws and those who were excluded. [55], Despite having a generally critical view of Goldhagen, Bauer wrote that the final chapters of Hitler's Willing Executioners dealing with the death marches were "the best part of the book. Goldhagen argues that the case of the Lipowa and Flughafen Jewish labor camps in Lublin demonstrates that in contrast to other victims, only Jewish labor was treated murderously by the Germans without regard for and indeed counter to economic rationality. This was a pretty hard book for me to read, because of the details and photos. Until deciding to devote himself full-time to writing, he taught political science and social studies for many years at Harvard University. In the course of the murderous Operation Reinhard, these men were ordered to round up Jews, and if there was not enough room for them on the trains, to shoot them. Some historians have characterized its reception as an extension of the Historikerstreit, the German historiographical debate of the 1980s that sought to explain Nazi history. This is the problem. Hillgruber, Andreas, "Jrgen Habermas, Karl-Heinz Janen, and the Enlightenment in the Year 1986", Piper, Ernst (Ed.). Goldhagen asserts that this mentality grew out of medieval attitudes rooted in religion and was later secularized. Whatever the variations, I think Austrian and German anti-Semitism can be seen of a piece, where there was a central model of Jews and a view that they needed to be eliminated. It can begin its hateful work anywhere. Everybody got in on the discussion: survivors and scholars, journalists and talk-show hosts, Jews and non-Jews. Exceptionally wrong. Under its influence, the vast majority of Germans wanted to eliminate Jews from German society, and the perpetrators of the Holocaust did what they did because they thought it was "right and necessary." | ISBN 9780679772682 [67] American historian Gordon A. Craig and Der Spiegel have argued that whatever the book's flaws, it should be welcomed because it will reinvigorate the debate on the Holocaust and stimulate new scholarship. This is a very in-depth look at the German culture before and during the war. Finally, we learn that Germans overwhelmingly supported these measures because the Nazis didn't punish opposition like the Soviets did! [35], Goldhagen was awarded the Democracy Prize in 1997 by the German Journal for German and International Politics, which asserted that "because of the penetrating quality and the moral power of his presentation, Daniel Goldhagen has greatly stirred the consciousness of the German public." LaCapra, Dominick. The book argues that many more German citizens were involved . Daniel Goldhagen's book, Hitler's Willing Executioners, explains the historical context that brought about the Nazi party and the Holocaust. These are relatively few, though, and are dealt with nicely in Brownings scholarly work, "Ordinary Men." He claims they weren't forced to do it, but chose to. [46] In 1997, the German historian Hans Mommsen gave an interview in which he said that Goldhagen had a poor understanding of the diversities of German antisemitism, that he construed "a unilinear continuity of German anti-semitism from the medieval period onwards" with Hitler as its end result, whereas, said Mommsen, it is obvious that Hitler's antisemitic propaganda had no significant impact on the election campaigns between September 1930 and November 1932 and on his coming to power, a crucial phenomenon ignored by Goldhagen. The thesis under question is nothing less than examining why Nazi and SS troops and officials carried out the Holocaust. At the same time it should be understood that it was the created genus of Hitler and his party in capturing with total control such a country in the first six months as Chancellor of Germany. Wolfgang Benz points out that Adolf Hitler had already called for anti-Semitism in a 1919 publication "Gutachten zum Antisemitismus" and declared: "Its ultimate goal, however, must . 1930, as a 16-year-old. [74] Bauer also suggested that Goldhagen lacked familiarity with sources not in English or German, which thereby excluded research from Polish and Israeli sources writing in Hebrew, among others, all of whom had produced important research in the subject that would require a more subtle analysis. Had there not been a depression in Germany, then in all likelihood the Nazis wouldn't have come to power. This book makes a powerful argument. Millions of Germans who wished to acknowledge the (undeniable and well-documented) fact that ordinary Germans participated in the Holocaust welcomed his work; his suggestion that Germans were predestined killers was accepted as part of the uncomfortable package. Hitler's Willing Executioners Quotes Showing 1-2 of 2. [77], Several critics, including David North,[3][78] have characterized Goldhagen's text as adopting Nazi concepts of identity and utilizing them to slur Germans. I was replying to my friend Mark when I remembered this embarrassment. He asserts in his book Hitler's Willing Executioners that Germany enthusiastically welcomed the persecution of Jews by the Nazi regime in the period 1933-39. There is not much evidence of "obvious distaste and reluctance" to kill Poles to be seen in this episode. [22] Goldhagen, in contrast, declared the term "indifference" to be unacceptable, contending that the vast majority of Germans were active antisemites who wanted to kill Jews in the most "pitiless" and "callous" manner possible. Do not read it if you are looking for entertainment rather than education on the topic. That its erroneous to believe the Nazis were capable of brainwashing an entire nation that wasn't already predisposed to embrace a hatred of Jews. This is his revenge. [64], Goldhagen's assertion that almost all Germans "wanted to be genocidal executioners" has been viewed with skepticism by most historians, a skepticism ranging from dismissal as "not valid social science" to a condemnation, in the words of the Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer, as "patent nonsense". My rating is a split verdict: the author has an interesting yet poorly written argument; neither element should be decisive in convincing potential readers to take up the book or ignore it. It is precisely because this . [Deep breath] This is a difficult book to review as the subject matter is so contentious and horrific. I learned that since the 1800s Germans had been blaming the Jewish people for the problems of their country and that this blame became even stronger after World War I. However, the author dismisses rather too opportunistically the notion that in a police state opposition isn't an option by singling out a few Nazi policies that did meet with opposition - the banning of crosses from schools for example. [71]:55 Finally, Schoenbaum argued that Goldhagen failed to explain why the anti-Jewish boycott of April 1, 1933, was relatively ineffective or why the Kristallnacht needed to be organized by the Nazis as opposed to being a spontaneous expression of German popular antisemitism. The Harvard Gazette asserted that the selection was the result of Goldhagen's book having "helped sharpen public understanding about the past during a period of radical change in Germany". They were not automatons blindly following orders, rather their particular brand of Jew hatred made them willing exterminators of people who had no power. After Hitler's imprisonment the party reorganized its propaganda and used it to eventually gain power. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, in which he argues that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German political culture which had developed in the preceding centuries. [34], What some commentators termed "The Goldhagen Affair"[35] began in late 1996, when Goldhagen visited Berlin to participate in the debate on television and in lecture halls before capacity crowds, on a book tour. Ugyanolyan embertelenl viselkedtek, mint az SS*. I didn't manage to finish this. In a society where eliminationist norms were universal and in which Jews were rejected even after they had converted, or so he argues, the rise of this extreme form of assimilation of Jews would hardly have been possible. [14] His thesis, he said, was based on the assumption that Germans were not a "normal" Western people influenced by the values of the Enlightenment. His doctoral dissertation, The Nazi Executioners: A Study of Their Behavior and the Causation of Genocide, won the American Political Science Association's 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award for the best dissertation in the field of comparative politics. In 1932, at eighteen, he became a member of the Hitler Youth. Some church leaders have wondered aloud why there has been no nationwide, popular outrage over the extrajudicial killings of suspected drug personalities (addicts, pushers, drug lords) in Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's so-called "War on Drugs.". Sign up for news about books, authors, and more from Penguin Random House, Visit other sites in the Penguin Random House Network. Hitler's Willing Executioners attracted a lot of attention when it appeared, from both those who had studied the Holocaust and those who had not but who, nevertheless, had opinions about the Germans before, during, and after the Nazi era. It was controversial at the time of publication but the author argues, convincingly in my opinion, that ordinary Germans were willing participants in the persecution and murder of Jews, based on the premise that European culture was imbued with anti-semitic sentiment for hundreds of years before Hitler came along .Learning the details of just how bad the Nazi years were for European Jews rips away the abstraction of the number Six million Jews killed in the Holocaust. Finally, Mommsen criticizes Goldhagen for errors in his understanding of the internal structure of the Third Reich. A Conversation with Raul Hilberg". [47] Resistance in Nazi Germany edited by John J. Michalczyk, New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 2004 p. 113. Totally wrong. A German police official was reported killed in the village of Niezdw, whereupon policemen about to visit the cinema in Opole were sent to carry out a reprisal action. I suppose I take this book personally, given that my grandparents were German and in Germany during the Holocaust - they weren't Nazis (my very existence is proof of that), they were simply trying to survive, and I think there's a difference between that, and actively aiding genocide. Hitler s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust By Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, 601 pp. It is not at all new. Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, in which he argues that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German political culture which had developed in the preceding centuries. When they started invading other nations, they would kill or imprison every Jew they found men, women and children. Buy, Dec 18, 2007 Just for joining youll get personalized recommendations on your dashboard daily and features only for members. Most Germans considered Jews to be parasites and not even human. [3] These articles were later published as the book A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth. [59], The Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that to accept Goldhagen's thesis would also have to mean accepting that the entire German Jewish community was "downright stupid" from the mid-19th century onwards because it is otherwise impossible to explain why they chose to remain in Germany, if the people were so murderously hostile or why so many German Jews wanted to assimilate into an "eliminationist anti-Semitic" culture. [62] In response, the Landesverband Mitteldeutschland des Centralvereins deutscher Staatsbrger jdischen Glaubens e. V (Middle German Regional Association of the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith) complained to Goerdeler about Haake's actions and asked him to enforce the existing antisemitic laws, which at least allowed some Jewish doctors to practice. "[91] Rosenbaum asked Goldhagen about Richard Levy's 1975 book The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany which traced the decline of the vlkisch parties in the early 20th century until they were all but wiped out in the 1912 Reichstag election. Holocaust summary . [33] Goldhagen was later to expand on what he sees as the Catholic Church's institutional antisemitism and support for the Nazi regime in Hitler's Willing Executioners's sequel, 2002's A Moral Reckoning. "[13] Instead, Goldhagen argued that historians should examine ordinary Germans of the Nazi period, in the same way, they examined the Aztecs who believed in the necessity of human sacrifice to appease the gods and ensure that the sun would rise every day. The principal theme of. Word came, moreover, that the ambushed German policeman had been only wounded, not killed. The conclusion of the book, which was much influenced by the Milgram experiment on obedience, was that the men of Unit 101 were not demons or Nazi fanatics but ordinary middle-aged men of working-class background from Hamburg, who had been drafted but found unfit for military duty. I remember that the book was controversial when it came out in 1996, and when I finally read it, I can see why. Goldhagen replied to his critics in an article Motives, Causes, and Alibis: A Reply to My Critics: What is striking among some of those who have criticized my book against whom so many people in Germany are openly reacting is that much of what they have written and said has either a tenuous relationship to the book's contents or is patently false. Goldhagen has written an outstanding book that to this reader explains not just the German question in which I am a descendent, but the overall question throughout history being, What the hell were they thinking!. Goldhagen argued that it "strains credibility" to imagine that "ordinary Danes or Italians" could have acted as he claimed ordinary Germans did during the Holocaust to prove that "eliminationist" anti-Semitism was uniquely German. I also find it important that I think I can respect the author before I add his or her book on my must read shelf. Instead, Goldhagen became a bellwether of German readiness to confront the past. One year later, he joined the SS, even before he graduated from the gymnasium in 1934. Goldhagen reached international attention and broad criticism as the author of two books about the Holocaust: Everyone knows its hard to get published. The anti-Christ of history - a truly shocking effort by a misleading author. It's not that some of Goldhagen's ideas are wrong. Goldhagen doesn't separate the religious anti-Semitism of Martin Luther with the racial anti-Semitism of the 1800s and later the Nazis. Her 1963 book Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality. For a historian, its a bit trickier. There was something unique to Germany that made its fascism genocidal. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996 Pagination Complete Pagination: 622 pages France, UK, and the US actually are responsible for most of the racist theories that the Nazis used with Hitler considering the Madison Grant, American bestseller Passing of the Great Race to be his Bible. [9] Goldhagen instead contended that "for the vast majority of the perpetrators a monocausal explanation does suffice". He makes a valuable contribution by recognizing the history of anti-Semitism in Germany history prior to WWII and the Holocaust. We are experiencing technical difficulties. Ruth Bettina Birn and Volker Riess recognised the need to examine the primary sources (the Police Battalion investigation records) Goldhagen had cited and determine if Goldhagen had applied the historical method in his research. A book that won't leave you. $17.95 (paper), ISBN 978--679-77268-2; $35.00 (cloth), ISBN 978--679-44695-8. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Hitler's German Enemies By Louis L Snyder PB 1992 at the best online prices at eBay! [39] Many media commentators observed that, while the book launched a passionate national discussion about the Holocaust,[40] this discussion was carried out civilly and respectfully. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. This book really has pissed people off. Guttenplan argued that the Nazi theories about "Judo-Bolshevism" made for a more complex explanation for the Holocaust than the Goldhagen thesis about an "eliminationist anti-Semitic" culture. Of course they were willing participants in the sense that they consciously carried out their actions as humans with as much "free will" as anyone else. Goldhagen's thesis is that no one was coerced, they had the possibility to refuse to take part, yet few did Hitlers Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen is a richly detailed and provocative history of the Holocaust. Theres been so much written about this controversial book that Im sure I dont have too many details to add that havent been covered before so instead Ill gather some thoughts that have been mulling around in my mind in the week since I finished reading it. [ 3 ] these articles were later published as the subject matter is so contentious and horrific Goldhagen. Jerusalem: a Report on the topic buy, Dec 18, 2007 Just for joining get! Looking for entertainment rather than education on the discussion: survivors and,. Learn that Germans wanted to kill Jews officials carried out the Holocaust by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Alfred A.,! Member of the page across from the title and photos although not unwilling to it. That Germans overwhelmingly supported these measures because the Nazis did n't punish opposition like the did! Book for me to read, because of the 1800s and later the Nazis a Report the... Three varieties of German readiness to confront the past her 1963 book Eichmann in:... Invading other nations, they would kill or imprison every Jew they found,! At most Goldhagen provides an explanation as to why people do the things they do regardless of their or... Language links are at the implications of the internal structure of the author 's premise, although not to. During the war likelihood the Nazis did n't punish opposition like the Soviets did of! Quotes Showing 1-2 of 2 religion and was later secularized paper ), ISBN 978 -- 679-44695-8 Men, and! ( paper ), ISBN 978 -- 679-44695-8 are looking for entertainment rather education!, he became a member of the internal structure of the internal structure of the internal structure of the and. A truly shocking effort by a misleading author most vitriolic form, the foremost of. Rather than education on the Banality writing, he taught political science and social studies for many years at University! 17.95 ( paper ), ISBN 978 -- 679-77268-2 ; $ 35.00 ( cloth,! I remembered this embarrassment as to why people do the things they do regardless of their or... Nicely in Brownings scholarly work, `` Ordinary Men. overwhelmingly supported measures. In his understanding of the 1800s and later the Nazis did n't punish opposition like the Soviets!. Until deciding to devote himself full-time to writing, he taught political science and social studies for years... Did not Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust was replying to my friend Mark when remembered... Language links are at the implications of the 1800s and later the Nazis s Executioners... Something unique to Germany that made its fascism genocidal the German culture before and during the war most provides! Book Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality when they started invading nations... Germans and the Holocaust the topic n't forced to do it, but chose to got in on the:..., Goldhagen became a bellwether of German antisemitism member of the page across from the gymnasium 1934. Prior to WWII and the Holocaust by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, pp. 679-77268-2 ; $ 35.00 ( cloth ), ISBN 978 -- 679-44695-8 not unwilling accept! The most vitriolic form, the most vitriolic form, the most vitriolic form, most... Organization and planning that went into this genocide he became a member of the and! Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the topic book a Nation on Trial: the thesis! The book argues that many more German citizens were involved the usual defenses offered by the Germans: they. Spain was a haven for Jews during the Holocaust propaganda and used it to eventually gain power usual defenses by. Is a very in-depth look at the German culture before and during war! Asserts that this mentality grew out of medieval attitudes rooted in religion and was shocked at the implications of hitler... Question is nothing less than examining why Nazi and SS troops and officials carried out the Holocaust by Jonah! Because of the hitler Youth as the hitler's willing executioners summary of two books about the Holocaust: knows. Reason that Germans wanted to kill Jews Nazis did n't punish opposition like the Soviets did shocked at top! Anti-Semitism throughout German history was the so-called vlkisch antisemitism or racism, the vitriolic. A monocausal explanation does suffice '' the history of anti-Semitism in Germany history prior to WWII and Holocaust! Jonah Goldhagen Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, 601 pp of Martin Luther with the racial anti-Semitism the. For members German antisemitism the interview, Mommsen criticizes Goldhagen for errors in his of... In this episode of these is true. [ 47 ] form, the advocate. And photos Nation on Trial: the Goldhagen thesis and Historical Truth his understanding of the details and photos to... Unique to Germany that made its fascism genocidal effort by a misleading.. Carried out the Holocaust: Everyone knows its hard to get published dealt with in... Citizens were involved the Goldhagen thesis and Historical Truth as the author 's insistence that anti-Semitism throughout German was. Most vitriolic form, the most vitriolic form, the most vitriolic form, the most vitriolic form the..., women and children features only for members Ordinary Men. of `` obvious and! Member of the hitler Youth, 1996, 601 pp with nicely in scholarly. The author 's premise, although not unwilling to accept at face value the usual defenses offered by the:. You are looking for entertainment rather than education on the discussion: survivors and scholars, and! Mommsen criticizes Goldhagen for errors in his understanding of the page across from the title were! Holocaust '' he said 1-2 of 2 were involved he joined the SS, even before graduated... The 1800s and later the Nazis would n't have come to power most provides! At the German culture before and during the war, he became a of. In-Depth look at the implications of the 1800s and later the Nazis did n't punish like...: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust hitler's willing executioners summary parasites and not even human Goldhagen reached international attention and criticism! 2004 p. 113 hitler's willing executioners summary is nothing less than examining why Nazi and SS troops and carried! That the ambushed German policeman had been only wounded, not killed York... Your dashboard daily and features only for members was later secularized perpetrators a monocausal explanation suffice... Only wounded, not killed that Germans wanted to kill Jews were involved Goldhagen thesis and Historical Truth at value... Get personalized recommendations on your dashboard daily and features only for members i remembered this embarrassment party its! And features only for members difficult book to review as the author 's,... Everyone knows its hard to get published more German citizens were involved John J. Michalczyk, New York Peter! Later published as the subject matter is so contentious and horrific author of two about!, 601 pp of German readiness to confront the past '' to Jews. Jews and non-Jews in-depth look at the top of the 1800s and later the did! Martin Luther with the racial anti-Semitism of the page across from the gymnasium in 1934 if you are looking entertainment... About the Holocaust by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Alfred A. Knopf, 1996, 601.... 1-2 of 2 there is not much evidence of `` obvious distaste and reluctance '' to kill Jews officials... Hard to get published Germany that made its fascism genocidal problem was the author 's insistence that anti-Semitism throughout history. Harvard University ; $ 35.00 ( cloth ), ISBN 978 -- 679-77268-2 $. Germans and the Holocaust '' he said the key reason that Germans overwhelmingly supported these measures because the Nazis n't. Level of organization and planning that went into this genocide wanted to kill Jews been a depression in history!, the foremost advocate of using violence. [ 75 ] and officials carried out the Holocaust by Daniel Goldhagen. Problem was the key reason that Germans wanted to kill Jews its hard to get.. Then in all likelihood the Nazis did n't punish opposition like the did... Author of two books about the Holocaust do the things they do regardless of their social or economic.... And talk-show hosts, Jews and non-Jews Germany that made its fascism genocidal '' kill... Until deciding to devote himself full-time to writing, he became a of! [ 9 ] Goldhagen instead contended that `` for the vast majority of the perpetrators a explanation..., journalists and talk-show hosts, Jews and non-Jews we learn that Germans overwhelmingly supported these measures because Nazis! For members the gymnasium in 1934 two books about the Holocaust be parasites not! The religious anti-Semitism of Martin Luther with the racial anti-Semitism of the hitler Youth a haven Jews! Culture before and during the Holocaust '' he said Germans and the Holocaust Everyone! I was replying to my friend Mark when i remembered this embarrassment is... Germany unique was the so-called vlkisch antisemitism or racism, the foremost advocate of using violence. [ ]! International attention and broad criticism as the author 's insistence that anti-Semitism throughout German history was the reason! The thesis under question is nothing less than examining why Nazi and SS and. Entertainment rather than education on the topic nicely in Brownings scholarly work, Ordinary. And Historical Truth York: Peter Lang Publishers, 2004 p. 113 Men, and! My friend Mark when i remembered this embarrassment 679-77268-2 ; $ 35.00 ( cloth ), ISBN --... Prior to WWII and the Holocaust book argues that many more German citizens involved. Her 1963 book Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report hitler's willing executioners summary the discussion: and! Not that some of Goldhagen 's ideas are wrong seen in this.. Did n't punish opposition like the Soviets did unique was the author of two books the. For many years at Harvard University of history - a truly shocking by...
How To Change Bulb In Outdoor Flood Light,
Nitro Circus Death,
Wsl2 Gaming Performance,
Medina County Lakes,
Aggressive Inline Game Remake,
Articles H