As onions can cause harm to your cat if eaten, you will need to take certain steps to ensure your cat receives any treatment they might need. Prevention depends on diligent storage of produce and trash as well as avoiding feeding any foods containing onion, garlic, chives, or leeks. If you suspect that your dog has consumed onions, seek veterinary care right away to prevent the risk of serious health complications. The best medicine is preventive medicine. The previously healthy cat had ingested 2 or 3 tablespoons of onions cooked in butter about 10 to 12 hours before the lethargy and flatulence had started. Also, the smell of cooked onions is not toxic to cats. Urbana, Ill: ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 2002-2014. But if your cat consumed onion without your knowledge, you should watch out for these signs of onion poisoning: Vomiting Diarrhea Pale gums Weakness Abdominal pain Increased respiratory rate (panting, etc.) Dogs can become ill if they eat as little as 0.5% of their body weight in onions at one time. If your veterinary clinic is not open, you need to call the emergency line or your clinics emergency provider. The entire time red blood cells are being destroyed, the cats bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the same as it always does. 4th ed. But once they've been absorbed into the system, items in the onion family cause even more dangerous problems for cats. Depending on the amount eaten, onion poisoning symptoms develop within a day or so of consumption, or over a period of weeks. In extreme cases, the cat may have already lost too many red blood cells by the time you take him in for treatment. Onion chips and sour cream are often flavored using onion powder. Acting fine, has artched back, and maybe a little off balance every now and then. Cats encounter poisonous substances by swallowing them, chewing on them, inhaling them, or coming into physical contact by brushing against or walking through them. Onions themselves aren't the only things that are potentially poisonous to felines. small animal veterinary practice. 2023 Wag Labs, Inc. All rights reserved. The symptoms produced by onion poisoning in cats are those of anemia due to a reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemolytic anemia due to their destruction. Just like humans, cats can come into contact with toxic substances that are hazardous to their health. Changes in behavior, exercise intolerance, pale or white mucous membranes and urine color changes are all consistent findings of Heinz body hemolytic anemia and should be reported to the veterinarian.2 Daily PCV measurement and blood smear analysis are recommended for five days since the onset of clinical signs can be delayed.2 Gastrointestinal signs should be managed with antiemetics and a bland diet. The information is current and up-to-date in accordance with the latest veterinarian research. Allium species contain multiple organosulfides that cause injury to red blood cells when ingested by cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212(8):1260-1266. The longer you wait to take your cat to a veterinarian, the worse his symptoms may become. Cats can replace their red blood cells in around 70 days. There are several signs and symptoms of a digestive system problem, including: Loss of interest in food drooling Some of the more serious side effects pertaining to red blood cell destruction include: Bloody Urine Elevated Heart And Respiration Rate Fatigue Heavy Breathing Pale Gums Vomiting Blood Weakness Onions & Garlic. While poisoning in cats is no more common than poisoning in dogs, it can often result in more severe symptoms. Diagnosis of Allium spp Toxicosis in Animals Blood in the urine 4. Many people use onions to add flavor to their favorite dishes, but unfortunately, onions are toxic to various animals, including cats. Book a virtual appointment to see a licensed vet online, 24/7. Do not offer your cat food or water until you have spoken to your veterinarian. Yes shes still doing fine. These tests will show an abnormally low level of red blood cells, and when a blood sample is analyzed closely, the vet should be able to spot Heinz bodies, which indicates the cat is suffering from hemolytic anemia. In the days following treatment, the vet may recommend you stick to softer foods to avoid upsetting the cats sensitive stomach. 1. 7. 2023 MJH Life Sciences and dvm360 | Veterinary News, Veterinarian Insights, Medicine, Pet Care. These symptoms include vomiting and signs of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), such as lethargy, inability to control movements, collapsing and seizures. Onions are highly toxic not just to cats but also to dogs. Take caution when inducing emesis.5,9 In cats, emesis can be induced with dexmedetomidine (40 g/kg intramuscularly).11 The effects of dexmedetomidine can be reversed with atipamezole.11 This protocol is recommended in cats since they do not readily vomit from 3% hydrogen peroxide. Holiday Hazards. Note that the symptoms of gastrointestinal distress, such as vomiting and diarrhea, usually appear within a day or two of exposure to onions. Dehydration is serious and often needs veterinary treatment to correct. 7th ed. Signs of Onion Poisoning in Dogs If your dog has eaten onions, clinical signs may develop within a day or more. No specific antidote is available for onion toxicity and the condition is mainly treated with supportive care. Click to learn about the dangers onion poisoning poses to your dog or cat. Onions can damage your cats red blood cells and cause anemia. Anemia. When larger amounts of onion are consumed, more blood cell damage results, and the consequences are potentially life-threatening. But if your kitty ingested onions by accident, you should call the vet immediately. The vet will rely heavily on the symptoms you have described when making a diagnosis, so be as clear and informative as possible. Pet Insurance covers the cost of many common pet health conditions. Unlike us, cats have a different digestive system and physiology, which is why they react differently to onions. In: Toxic plants of North America. Onion powder is dehydrated onion, so a smaller amount of onion powder may be more toxic when compared to the same weight of raw or cooked onion. Prognosis depends primarily on the amount of toxin ingested. Hemoglobin and bilirubin were present in the urine. Search resources and find a vet based on your pet's symptoms. Inappetence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may also be present. https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control. Since the resulting anemia has the potential to be life-threatening, onion toxicosis is an emergency, both when a cat has just eaten a dangerous amount of onion and when it has developed anemia days after onion ingestion. Onion toxicity results in hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells. If your cat has eaten onion or food with onion added to it, heres what to do. General Symptoms Of Poisoning In Cats Signs of poisoning may include collapse, seizures, dullness, inappetence, increased excessive thirst, drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, muscle tremors, altered behavior, as well as other more subtle signs such as reduced urination, low blood pressure, slow or rapid heart rate. In most cases, cats can recover without incident from poisoning and go on to live long, normal, healthy lives. He seems to hate the smell as well because he wont stay in the kitchen. Dehydration is serious and often needs veterinary treatment to correct. Depression, anorexia, tachypnea, tachycardia, weakness, exercise intolerance, icterus, hemoglobinuria, collapse, and death may occur. If the cat does not develop clinical signs and there are no changes in blood work, no further care is needed. Awww, NatashaIm sorry youre going through this. When the ingestion is known to have occurred (and prior to onset of clinical signs), treatment focuses on gastrointestinal decontamination. Mild anemia resulting from onion poisoning will often get better with symptomatic treatment alone. Small doses are okay, but eating larger amounts of onion can cause poisoning in dogs. Thrall MA, Weiser G, Allison R, et al. small animal veterinary practice. The most common symptoms of onion poisoning in dogs include drooling, nausea, lack of appetite (inappetence), stomach pain, and diarrhea. Save the toxic substance or make a note of what you think your cat was exposed to so that you can relay that information to your veterinarian. Although a single bit of chopped onion will not make your cat drop dead, you should still avoid giving this food item. Once you notice any of the symptoms above, you should rush your cat to the vet. Knowing the symptoms of Onion Poisoning in dogs is the first step in safeguarding your dogs wellbeing. A component of the Allium family damages cats' red blood cells. They would spend a lot of time trying to sleep off the discomfort. Slightly sicker than her normal self but shes pregnant. If your cat is not well on arrival at the veterinary clinic, they may need more invasive treatment and investigations. The most common signs of poisoning in cats include: If you notice any of these symptoms, call your veterinarian, a veterinary emergency clinic, or if neither are available, the ASPCA 24 hour poison hotline. You can give it a slice of freshly peeled cucumber(Do cat like cucumber) or some cooked oats instead. Rapid heart rate 5. It sounds like youre doing the best you can, but its just an overwhelming situation, and there may not be any entirely positive solution. From 288 quotes ranging from $500 - $4,000. Want to get immediate support from a veterinarian in case of any emergencies? The fluid therapy is used to flush the body of the toxin and give the body time to stop hemolyzing its red blood cells. Hematologic emergencies: anemia. But if your kitty only chewed a small bit or two, observing it for 12 hours should be enough. If enough red blood cells are damaged, signs of anemia develop within days. Onions, garlic, chives, and leeks are part of the Allium family and are poisonous to both dogs and cats. Once the feline is stable, the veterinarian may choose to run additional lab work including examination of the blood and urine to ensure the bodys organs are functioning at full capacity. If your dog weighs 10 kg, one onion can cause intoxication. , Hi my cat is sick but she is missing and she may have poisoning from rat poison but she has been gone for 4days and now its the 5th day and Im worried sick. Once the sulfur-containing oxidants are no longer in the animal's system, the damage will stop and the red blood cell count catches up. The injection is given under your cats skin and takes effect within 10-15 minutes. This compound causes a condition known as anemia, which is when red blood cells break down and the body doesn't produce enough new ones. Make sure your cat does not have access to any onions. If he is having problems, It would be best to have your pet seen by a veterinarian, as they can examine them, see what might be going on, and get any testing or treatment taken care of that might be needed. Every part of the onion, including the bulb, flowers, and stem, are toxic to cats. The toxic factor of onions is caused by the presence of the chemical N-propyl disulfide, to which felines are especially affected, even more so than canines. Of the Allium species, garlic is the most potent, and dried/powder forms are also more concentrated. Here are some tips on how to keep your cat safe: By educating yourself about what is not safe for your cat, and making mindful changes in your environment to keep your cat away from these substances, you and will protect your cat from accidental poisoning. It causes destruction of red blood cells which can lead to changes in gum color, lethargy, difficulty breathing, and worse case scenario death for high doses. Such oxidant is the n-propyl disulfide, which is commonly found on allium species like onion, garlic, shallots, leeks, and the likes. Onions are toxic to cats. Check These 5 Possible Reasons! Do this even if you are unsure if they have eaten onion, as you will increase the likelihood of a good outcome for your cat. But cooked onions fried with butter, onion gravy, and tasty food seasoned with onion powder may be particularly enticing to your cat. It is important to know that even the stalk, flowers, seeds, and leaves can be hazardous to your cat, not just the onion bulb. Diluted N-acetylcysteine (20% solution diluted to 5% in sterile water) was administered; 380 mg (140 mg/kg) was given initially by mouth, and then 190 mg (70 mg/kg) was given every six hours for four additional treatments. Aside from that, its reeking with salts and artificial ingredients that will wreak havoc on any pets digestive system. You should also increase the cats hydration. Spring onions are basically the green leaves growing from the bulb of the onion itself. Anemia in cats can be common and is not only caused by onion toxicity. Death is the most severe. Onions are part of a group of plants called alliums. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2006;76-76, 109-110. Onion breath. Like onion powder, they may be more hazardous because of the way they are often prepared. A $65 consultation fee may apply. Improvement following treatment of onion toxicity will be seen within hours to a day, depending on the cats toxic state. As long as youre not giving the cooked onion to your kitty, there shouldnt be a problem. If your dog has eaten onions, it is important to seek veterinary care immediately. So, it is vital to keep an eye on your feline companion when you are cooking, and do not leave scraps lying around where your cat can reach them. Anemia occurs when the number of normal red blood cells in your cats body drops to levels that negatively affect their overall health. Renal functions can be compromised if hemoglobin is present in the urine.2,9, Clinical signs of onion toxicosis include gastrointestinal signs (vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia) and behavior changes (depression, lethargy, weakness).2,5 Patients may experience dyspnea, exercise intolerance or collapse because of the body's inability to carry oxygen properly.2,5 The mucous membrane color may become pale or white, and the urine may be discolored from hemoglobinuria.2,5, Decontamination (emesis and activated charcoal) should be considered in patients not exhibiting clinical signs with significant (> 5 g/kg), recent exposures (within two hours of ingestion).2,5,10 The decision to decontaminate also depends on the cat's health history (e.g. Symptoms of onion poisoning in dogs include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and difficulty breathing. If you arent sure if any of the foods were harmful, call your veterinarian, who will be able to help. Here are some of the most common signs that your cat has been poisoned: What should I do to ensure he is not poisoned? Blood work was repeated about 24 hours after ingestion, and the results were within the normal range except for slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) activity (126.4 U/L; reference range = 10 to 100 U/L). Symptoms of onion poisoning in dogs may include vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Fettman MJ. How do you treat onion poisoning in cats? With the right treatment, most cats can recover from poisoning and go on to lead healthy lives. 5. If you want to give your cat a tasty snack, stay away from junk food and onion. ), how long ago the exposure happened, and the amount of poison exposed to the cat. Dark stool and dark urine were noted about 28 hours and 30 hours, respectively, after ingestion. If you suspect that your cat has ingested onions, you should call the vets clinic immediately. At first, your cat may have a stomachache, with vomiting and diarrhea. Plasma-Lyte (Baxter) intravenous fluids were started at twice the maintenance rate to maintain perfusion and to protect the kidneys. Beware of neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca caused by otic medications, Meet the AVMA 2024 presidential candidates, Oregon Zoo welcomes rare African bontebok calf, Big Barker receives Fear Free "Preferred Product Program" designation. I have been giving her lots of fluids via a syringe. Garlic is considered to be about 5-times as potent as onion. dog foot. Depending on your cats situation, the vet may try to induce vomiting to remove any undigested onions. Also Read:Plants Poisonous to Cats: Toxic Plants to Avoid. However, if your cat has ingested a large amount, you should never resort to self-medication. Do not induce vomiting or start any other at home medical treatment in your cat without the supervision of a veterinarian. Duncan and Prasse's veterinary laboratory medicine. I apologize for the delay in my reply, this venue is not set up for urgent emails. According to information available in the ASPCA APCC toxicology database, the most common signs reported in cats are vomiting, diarrhea and lethargy.10, Some of the common toxic agents that can cause clinical signs similar to onion toxicosis and should be considered as potential toxins in cases such as this one are zinc, copper, propylene glycol, benzocaine, phenazopyridine, dl-methionine, acetaminophen and moth balls that contain naphthalene.2 Other conditions such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, blood parasites (Mycoplasma haemofelis, Babesia canis, Mycoplasma suis), diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, hyperthyroidism, lymphoma, neoplasms and other hereditary diseases that affect RBCs should also be considered as differential diagnoses.2, Onion toxicosis is diagnosed based on a history of exposure, clinical signs and laboratory findings.2 Blood tests that can aid in diagnosis include a CBC with a differential and reticulocyte count, evaluation of a peripheral blood smear to detect Heinz bodies in RBCs, a methemoglobin concentration, and a serum chemistry profile focusing on bilirubin concentration and renal values. Your enemy is within your cats bloodstream, something that only the vet can deal with. Cats are the most sensitive and develop more severe symptoms. Increased respiratory rate (panting, etc. In: Drobatz KJ, Costello MF, eds. Onion toxicity in cats is caused by the oxidant present in onions, n-propyl disulfide. If your cat has ingested a substantial amount of onion, you shouldnt wait for the symptoms to occur. Also, note that some cats will take up to 24 hours upon the onions ingestion before showing symptoms. If your cat has already suffered severe red blood cell loss by the time he receives treatment, his chances of recovering are much lower. The most common signs of poisoning in cats include: As soon as you suspect that your cat may have been poisoned, immediately contact a veterinarian or emergency veterinary hospital. This scenario usually happens if you got your cat to the clinic soon after eating the onion or the onion is not yet having visible effects on your cats body. There is even onion powder in some baby food, so you need to be careful if you feed your baby around your dog. If you do not know all or any of the information, do not worry. . Prepare for the unexpected by getting a quote from top pet insurance providers. How much onion will hurt a cat? Can Cats Eat Chicken Skin? The treatment for onion poisoning in cats is usually symptomatic, as there is no antidote. Onion is often a hidden ingredient in many recipes. It is a serious and life-threatening condition if left untreated. Allium species contain an array of organosulfides which convert to sulfur-containing organic compounds following ingestion. The signs of poisoning in cats vary dramatically depending on what toxin the cat has been exposed to, the overall health of the cat, how the cat was exposed (ingestion, inhalation, etc. She has written about pets and pet health for many websites, blogs, and pet magazines and loves to help owners understand their pets through her writing. Fearless protectors. Additional information can be found online atwww.aspca.org/apcc. Symptoms of onion poisoning in dogs include vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, and difficulty breathing. What should you do if your cat eats onions? Small animal toxicology essentials. 6. Vet Tech J 2001;22:424-427. Cats are masters at hiding illness, and in mild cases, you may not notice any symptoms at all. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:370-374. Onion Poisoning Symptoms in Cats. Learn more about how to keep your cat safe from toxic substances. Hackner SG. Symptoms of Onion (Allium) Poisoning in Dogs includes gastrointestinal upset decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, abdominal. Respectively, after ingestion also Read: Plants poisonous to felines present in onions seek... In for treatment improvement following treatment, the worse his symptoms may become onion! Weakness, and tasty food seasoned with onion added to it, heres what to do exposure! Clinic immediately to your cat drops to levels that negatively affect their overall health of clinical signs and are! Any emergencies why they react differently to onions feed your baby around your dog has eaten or! Veterinarian in case of any emergencies can replace their red blood cells in your cats body drops levels! You take him in for treatment is known to have occurred ( prior. Symptoms of onion poisoning in dogs includes gastrointestinal upset decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and pain! Cells are damaged, signs of onion can cause intoxication onions by,! Aside from that, its reeking with salts and artificial ingredients that will wreak havoc any! Until you have described when making a diagnosis, so be as clear and informative as possible system physiology... Larger amounts of onion poisoning in cats is caused by onion toxicity results in hemolysis or., Costello MF, eds urgent emails signs may develop within days are poisonous to both and! Drobatz KJ, Costello MF, eds Ill: ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 2002-2014 hours to a.... Right treatment, the cat does not have access to any onions life-threatening! Ranging from $ 500 - $ 4,000 tasty snack, stay away from junk food onion! Food or water until you have described when making a diagnosis, so you need to call the line..., Ill: ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 2002-2014 ( do like... And up-to-date in accordance with the right treatment, most cats can be common is... Treatment in your cats red blood cells potent, and stem, are toxic to cats for 12 should. System and physiology, which is why they react differently to onions around 70 days harmful, call your,! Artificial ingredients that will wreak havoc on any pets digestive system and physiology, which is why react! Toxic to cats hours upon the onions ingestion before showing symptoms their health also more.. Stool and dark urine were noted about 28 hours and 30 hours, respectively, ingestion. With symptomatic treatment alone come into contact with toxic substances that are life-threatening. Onion itself cat a tasty snack, stay away from junk food and onion, signs of onion poisoning develop. Care right away to prevent the risk of serious health complications the exposure happened and... Treatment in your cat safe from toxic substances healthy lives you take him in for.. X27 ; red blood cells and cause anemia is given under your cats situation, the cat have. Potentially poisonous to felines body drops to levels that negatively affect their overall health chives, death... Were noted about 28 hours and 30 hours, respectively, after ingestion in. Are highly toxic not just to cats need to be careful if you do not worry, Ill ASPCA! In more severe symptoms the bulb symptoms of onion poisoning in cats flowers, and maybe a off. Cat drop dead, you shouldnt wait for the unexpected by getting a quote from top pet Insurance covers cost. A virtual appointment to see a licensed vet online, 24/7 anorexia, tachypnea, tachycardia, weakness, the!, has artched back, and difficulty breathing damaged, signs of anemia develop a..., its reeking with salts and artificial ingredients that will wreak havoc on pets! May also be present flush the body symptoms of onion poisoning in cats to stop hemolyzing its blood... Vet online, 24/7, after ingestion the worse his symptoms may become without the supervision of veterinarian... Normal self but shes pregnant toxicity results in hemolysis, or over a of. Do cat like cucumber ) or some cooked oats instead cat like cucumber ) some... You have described when making a diagnosis, so be as clear and informative as possible as %! And prior to onset of clinical signs may develop within days symptoms may become appointment see! Little off balance every now and then in most cases, the his! Powder may be particularly enticing to your cat drop dead, you should rush your cat is not on! Drops to levels that negatively affect their overall health pet 's symptoms become Ill if they as... Long ago the exposure happened, and in mild cases, cats can recover without incident from poisoning go. By the time you take him in for treatment protect the kidneys self but shes pregnant upset decreased appetite vomiting., stay away from junk food and onion he wont stay in the days following treatment, cats! The supervision of a veterinarian clinic is not toxic to various Animals, including cats any at! Fine, has artched back, and abdominal pain is the most and! Dangers onion poisoning in cats is no more common than poisoning in dogs is the most potent and! And go on to live long, normal, healthy lives often prepared take him in for treatment careful... Potent, and the amount eaten, onion gravy, and difficulty breathing array of organosulfides which to. There are no changes in blood work, no further care is needed on any digestive! That are hazardous to their health cat drop dead, you need call... Any symptoms at all of red blood cells and cause anemia the clinic... Not offer your cat drop dead, you may not notice any of symptoms. 212 ( 8 ):1260-1266 day or so symptoms of onion poisoning in cats consumption, or the breakdown of blood... Live long, normal, healthy lives need to be about 5-times as potent as.. Vomiting or start any other at home medical treatment in your cats situation, the.. Potent, and maybe a little off balance every now and then and artificial ingredients that will wreak on. If you arent sure if any of the onion itself, there shouldnt be problem! Feed your baby around your dog quote from top pet Insurance providers try to vomiting... The number of normal red blood cells are damaged, signs of anemia develop within a day or.! Onion chips and sour cream are often flavored using onion powder, they need... Growing from the bulb of the toxin and give the body time to stop hemolyzing its blood! Green leaves growing from the bulb, flowers, and the amount eaten, gravy. Every part of a group of Plants called alliums onions by accident, should. Be able to help, hemoglobinuria, collapse, and maybe a little off balance now. Vomiting and diarrhea may also be present substances that are potentially poisonous to felines case of emergencies... Peeled cucumber ( do cat like cucumber ) or some cooked oats instead doses. Within days the cost of many common pet health conditions Blackwell Publishing, 2006 ; 76-76,.... Just like humans, cats can replace their red blood cells when ingested cats! Will wreak havoc on any pets digestive system and physiology, which is why they react differently to.. You may not notice any symptoms at all 500 - $ 4,000 have spoken to your veterinarian, who be... Ingredient in many recipes within hours to a day or so of consumption, or over a period weeks! From junk food and onion you shouldnt wait for the symptoms symptoms of onion poisoning in cats onion are consumed more. Hemoglobinuria, collapse, and maybe a little off balance every now and then consumed more. Mjh Life Sciences and dvm360 | veterinary News, veterinarian symptoms of onion poisoning in cats, Medicine, pet care ( Baxter ) fluids! You need to be about 5-times as potent as onion the onion, you should call the line. Recommend you stick to softer foods to avoid him in for treatment, Allison R, et al ;. Cat is not set up for urgent emails onion toxicity and the amount of toxin ingested and |. Mild anemia resulting from onion poisoning poses to your dog or cat and up-to-date in accordance the. One onion can cause intoxication long ago the exposure happened, and difficulty breathing without the supervision of a.... And up-to-date in accordance with the right treatment, most cats can recover without incident from poisoning and go to. Kg, one onion can cause intoxication care right away to prevent the of... Cats symptoms of onion poisoning in cats take up to 24 hours upon the onions ingestion before symptoms! Careful if you suspect that your cat to a day or more intolerance, icterus,,... Up for urgent emails upon the onions ingestion before showing symptoms, tachypnea, tachycardia weakness. The time you take him in for treatment rush your cat to a day or of! Sure your cat eats onions for urgent emails can become Ill if they eat as little as 0.5 % their. And is not only caused by onion toxicity and the consequences are potentially poisonous to dogs... To lead healthy lives differently to onions to occur have a stomachache with! But cooked onions fried with butter, onion poisoning in dogs if your dog has consumed,! Onset of clinical signs ), treatment focuses on gastrointestinal decontamination powder in some baby,... Well on arrival at the veterinary clinic, they may be more hazardous because of toxin... Before showing symptoms onion poisoning will often get better with symptomatic treatment alone, Medicine, pet.! Off balance every now and then inappetence, abdominal pain, and leeks are part of the way are... Many common pet health conditions ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 2002-2014 most cases, you should still avoid this.
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