David C. Rapoport. Beyond just the syphilis experiments, rape became a common feature of Unit 731s experiments. Wound patterns and penetration depths were then compared on the bodies of the dead and dying inmates. Researchers performed invasive surgery on prisoners, removing organs to study the effects of disease on the human body. It was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China) and had active branch offices throughout China and Southeast Asia. Additionally, Unit731 Youth Corps member Yoshio Shinozuka testified that his friend junior assistant Mitsuo Hirakawa was vivisected as a result of being accidentally infected with plague.[59]. The 2001 documentary Japanese Devils largely consists of interviews with fourteen Unit731 staff members taken prisoner by China and later released. Meanwhile, prolonged X-ray exposure sterilized and killed thousands of research participants, as well as inflicting horrible burns when the emitting plates were miscalibrated or held too close to the subjects nipples, genitals, or faces. The gas was adamsite (sneezing gas), and as the gas filled the chamber the man went into violent coughing convulsions and began to suffer excruciating pain. It was officially known as the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (, Kantgun Beki Kysuibu Honbu). Ishibashi sneaked a mirror to them through a hole in the cell door. A report authored by unknown researcher in the Kamo Unit (Unit731) describes a large human experiment of yperite gas (mustard gas) on 710September 1940. Unit 731 researchers conduct bacteriological experiments with captive child subjects in Nongan County of northeast Chinas Jilin Province. The tales of World War II are replete with innumerable accounts . And as the concept of consent went out the window, so did the restraint of the researchers. There are unit members who were known to be interned at the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre and Taiyuan War Criminals Management Centre after the war, who then went on to be repatriated to Japan and founded the Association of Returnees from China and testified about Unit 731 and the crimes perpetrated there. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed at least 400,000 Chinese civilians. [3]:60,84,124,310, A medical school and research facility belonging to Unit731 operated in the Shinjuku District of Tokyo during World WarII. Date unspecified. Epidemics broke out shortly after, to the elation of many researchers, who concluded that paratyphoid fever was "the most effective" of the pathogens. The prison cells had wooden floors and a squat toilet in each. There is at least one recorded instance of "friendly" social interaction between prisoners and Unit731 staff. The ministry alleged that no academic research supported the claim. The fleas were then packed in dust and sealed inside clay bomb casings. [30], Prisoners had limbs amputated in order to study blood loss. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea, then studied. [32] Yuasa said that when he performed vivisections on captives, they were "all for practice rather than for research", and that such practises were "routine" among Japanese doctors stationed in China during the war.[21]. All this progress was, of course, built on the limitless suffering of human captives, who were held as test subjects and walking disease incubators until Unit 731 was shut down at the end of the war. Unit 731, Japan's biological warfare program, was formed in 1932 under the leadership of the notorious Gen. Shiro Ishii, chief medical officer of the Japanese army. However, according to a junior uniformed civilian employee of the Imperial Japanese Army working in Unit731, the project was internally called "Holzklotz", German for log. Eyelids edematous, swollen. The average life expectancy of a prisoner once they had entered the Unit was two months. Low morale. Associated Press/LIFE via Wikimedia CommonsA Japanese soldier uses a Chinese mans body for bayonet practice near Tianjin, China. [92] Former Unit731 Youth Corps member Yoshio Shinozuka testified that the windows in these prison doors were so small that it was difficult to see in. Subjects had limbs amputated and reattached to the other side of the body, while others had their limbs crushed or frozen, or had the circulation cut off to observe the progress of gangrene. Unit 731 was the creation of a brutal psychopath, Lieutenant-General Ishii Shiro. One of the most heinous types of experiments conducted in Unit 731 was . There was a Chinese woman in there who had been used in a frostbite experiment. NHK Documentary. There were also twelve members who were formally tried and sentenced in the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials. None at all. This page was last edited on 13 April 2023, at 07:50. According to American historian Sheldon H. Harris: The Togo Unit employed gruesome tactics to secure specimens of select body organs. They show what humans are capable of when they are given free rein to experiment on other human beings. An expedition to Nanjing involved spreading typhoid and paratyphoid germs into the wells, marshes, and houses of the city, as well as infusing them in snacks distributed to locals. Then, have a look at four of the most evil science experiments ever performed and find out whether or not any of the highly disturbing Nazi research actually contributed anything to medical science. [86][87] Then, the prisoners would be transported through a secret tunnel dug under the facade of the central building to the inner-prisons. A former member of the Special Team (who insisted on anonymity) recalled in 1995 his first vivisection conducted at the Unit: He didn't struggle when they led him into the room and tied him down. In 1984, Japanese historian Tsuneishi Keiichi translated and published over 4,000 pages of U.S. documents on Japanese biological warfare. In April2018, the National Archives of Japan disclosed a nearly complete list of 3,607members of Unit731 to Katsuo Nishiyama, a professor at Shiga University of Medical Science. They spanned all the way to Singapore, as well, with Unit 9420.Unit 731 was just one out of several, but it became infamous once the extent and variety of its atrocities became known to the public. But before Unit 731 was broken up in 1945, it committed some of the most torturous human experiments in recorded history. [17], His younger brother, Prince Mikasa, toured the Unit 731 headquarters in China, and wrote in his memoir that he watched films showing how Chinese prisoners were "made to march on the plains of Manchuria for poison gas experiments on humans. Whenever he moved, a rope around his neck tightened. ", "Japan publishes list of members of Unit 731 imperial army branch", "Unit 731: One of the Most Terrifying Secrets of the 20th Century", Occupation censored Unit 731 ex-members' mail: secret paper, "The United States and the Japanese Mengele: Payoffs and Amnesty for Unit 731", Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it, "Unit 731: Japan discloses details of notorious chemical warfare division", "Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and Historical Memory: Intra- and Inter-national Conflicts", "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies", , "Names of 3,607 members of Imperial Japanese Army's notorious Unit 731 released by national archives", "Hit manga My Hero Academia removed in China over war crimes reference", "My Hero Academia Manga Updated With Villain's New Name", "The English Fhrer by Rory Clements Historia Magazine", Orrori e misteri dell'Unit 731: la 'fabbrica' dei batteri killer, "Unit 731 and the Japanese Imperial Army's Biological Warfare Program", The Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group (IWG), History of Japan's biological weapons program, History of United States' biological weapons program, "US paid for Japanese human germ warfare data", The Unknown Victims of Japanese Unit 731 in WWII (19321945) and Known Experiments, Select Documents on Japanese WarCrimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 19342006, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_731&oldid=1149602900, Chief of General Division, 19391941, Head of Production Division, 19411945, Lieutenant general of the Medical Service, Lieutenant general of the Veterinary Service, Lieutenant colonel of the Medical Service, 400,000 or higher from biological warfare, Over 3,000 from inside experiments from each unit (not including branches, 19401945 only), Kazuhisa Kanazawa, chief of the 1stDivision of Branch673 of Unit731, Ryoichiro Hotta, member of the Hailar Branch of Unit731, Major General Hitoshi Kikuchi, head of Research Division, 19421945, Lieutenant General [unknown first name] Yasazaka, doctor, Yoshio Furuichi, student at Sunyu Branch of Unit731, Division2: research for biological weapons used in the field, in particular the production of devices to spread germs and parasites, Division3: production of shells containing biological agents; stationed in Harbin, Division4: bacteria mass-production and storage, Divisions68: equipment, medical, and administrative units. Unit 731 was one of six human experimentation sites financially supported by the Imperial Japanese government during the Second World War. In response, in February2011 the Ministry of Health began to excavate the site. These resulted in loss of life and extreme suffering. After Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931, Ishii Shiro created Unit 731 and began testing biological weapons on unwilling human test subjects. There was space between the outer walls of the cells and the outer walls of the prison, enabling the guards to walk behind the cells. [28] Imperial Japanese Army surgeon Ken Yuasa suggests that practising vivisection on human subjects was widespread even outside Unit731,[31] estimating that at least 1,000 Japanese personnel were involved in the practice in mainland China. 126134, Human Lab Rats: Japanese Atrocities, the Last Secret of World War II (Penthouse, May 2000). His brain would be extracted off to the pathologist, and then to the crematorium for the usual disposal. [14], A prison break in the autumn of 1934, which jeopardized the facility's secrecy, and an explosion in 1935 (believed to be sabotage) led Ishii to shut down Zhongma Fortress. At least 12 large-scale bioweapon field trials were carried out, and at least 11 Chinese cities attacked with biological agents. [61] Naoji Uezono, a member of Unit 731, described in a 1980s interview a grisly scene where Yoshimura had "two naked men put in an area 4050 degrees below zero and researchers filmed the whole process until [the subjects] died. Hisato then tried different methods for rapid rewarming of the frozen appendage. The hypothetical possibility of vertical transmission (from mother to child) of diseases, particularly syphilis, was the stated reason for the torture. Some prisoners were alive in the Unit for over 12months, and many female prisoners gave birth in the Unit. [68], In 2002, Changde, China, site of the plague flea bombing, held an "International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare", which estimated that the number of people slaughtered by the Imperial Japanese Army germ warfare and other human experiments was around 580,000. Prisoners were also repeatedly subjected to rape by guards. [6] The United States covered up the human experimentations and handed stipends to the perpetrators. Experiments included disease injections, controlled dehydration, biological weapons testing, vacuum chamber experiments on humans, vivisection, amputation, and standard weapons testing. Date unspecified. To determine effectiveness, Unit 731 herded captives together on a firing range and blasted them from varying ranges by multiple Japanese weapons, such as the Nambu 8mm pistol, bolt-action rifles, machine guns, and grenades. Unit 731 was a biological and chemical weapons research and development unit of the Japanese Army. Unit 731 was a secret chemical and living warfare research unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Estimates of the death toll from experiments performed on prisoners at Unit 731 range from 3,000 to 12,000. [104], At Tokyo's Kyushu Imperial University in 1945, US POWs from a shot down B-29 were subjected to fatal medical experimentation.[105]. [133] In April2018, the National Archives of Japan released the names of 3,607members of Unit731, in response to a request by Professor Katsuo Nishiyama of the Shiga University of Medical Science.[134][135]. Williams, Peter, and Wallace, David (1989). [68] Until Sanders finally threatened the Japanese with bringing the Soviets into the picture, little information about biological warfare was being shared with the Americans. [93] The "special team" worked in these two inner-prison buildings. Despite innocent beginnings as a research and public health agency, Unit 731 eventually grew into an assembly line for weaponized diseases that, if fully deployed, could have killed everyone on Earth several times over. During biological bomb experiments, researchers dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. None of the Chinese, Mongolian, Korean, or Russian captives assigned to Unit 731 survived their confinement. Unit731 and the other units of the Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department operated biological weapon production, testing, deployment, and storage facilities. [37] Some of these bombs were designed with porcelain shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938. [81] Sheldon H. Harris documented that the victims were generally political dissidents, communist sympathizers, ordinary criminals, impoverished civilians, and the mentally disabled. But when I picked up the scalpel, that's when he began screaming. [82] Author Seiichi Morimura estimates that almost 70 percent of the victims who died in the Pingfang camp were Chinese (both military and civilian),[83] while close to 30 percent of the victims were Russian. The Special Team was then ordered to vivisect Sud. The purpose of these tests was to determine the amount of water in an individual's body and to see how long one could survive with a very low to no water intake. Inmates of these facilities were infected with several of the most lethal pathogens known to science, such as Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and pneumonic plague, and typhus, which the Japanese hoped would spread from person to person after being deployed and depopulate disputed areas. Unit 731 - Japans Secret Human Experiments Disturban History 236K subscribers Subscribe 22K 702K views 1 year ago Formed in response to western powers developing their own chemical and. Evil is as evil does. This Russian was shot to death. [29] Vivisections were performed on prisoners after infecting them with various diseases. For example, one experiment documented the time it took for three-day-old babies to freeze to death.[57][58]. Some were also vivisected. [123] [116], As above, during the United States occupation of Japan, the members of Unit731 and the members of other experimental units were allowed to go free. All under the auspices of the US govt, ofc. [115] This was evidenced by the Soviet Union building a biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from Unit731 in Manchuria. After World WarII, the Office of Special Investigations created a watchlist of suspected Axis collaborators and persecutors who are banned from entering the United States. Unit731 tested many different chemical agents on prisoners and had a building dedicated to gas experiments. Later in 1981, one of the last surviving members of the Tokyo Tribunal, Judge Rling, had expressed bitterness in not being made aware of the suppression of evidence of Unit 731 and wrote, "It is a bitter experience for me to be informed now that centrally ordered Japanese war criminality of the most disgusting kind was kept secret from the court by the U.S. They performed many experiments on live and dead prisoners of war that were crimes against humanity - including vivisection, intentional infection of individuals with diseases such as the plague and syphilis, and forced rape and pregnancy for further use in experimentation. Prisoners were usually received into Unit731 at night in motor vehicles painted black with a ventilation hole but no windows. Looks with hollow eyes. In addition, gas chambers were set up at unit facilities and test subjects exposed to nerve gas and blister agents. This team wore white overall suits, army hats, rubber boots, and pistols strapped to their sides.[86]. The New York Times interviewed a former member of Unit 731. While male prisoners were often used in single studies, so that the results of the experimentation on them would not be clouded by other variables, women were sometimes used in bacteriological or physiological experiments, sex experiments, and as the victims of sex crimes. Inside Unit 731 and Japan's Human Experiments in WW2 By Carl Seaver From 1939 to 1945, the world witnessed the deadliest war in history, as over 30 countries wound together in acrimony, strife, and bloodshed, leading to a war that claimed the lives of more than 100 million people all over the world. 431968pp. Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi responded that the Japanese government did not then possess any records related to Unit731, but recognized the gravity of the matter and would publicize any records located in the future. [1] Japan's occupation of Manchuria began in 1931 after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Administration" of the Imperial Japanese Army, Unit 731 and Unit 100, as well as their subsidiary branches, performed human experimentation on the innocents under the leadership of Dr. Ishii Shiro. ; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up", "The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal", "Unmasking Horror A special report. The report describes conditions of every subject precisely without mentioning what happened to them in the long run. [69][70] In addition to Chinese casualties, 1,700 Japanese troops in Zhejiang during Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign were killed by their own biological weapons while attempting to unleash the biological agent, indicating serious issues with distribution. In this way, Unit 731 was performing the service of human experimentation for the entire Japanese medical community, in an on-going feedback loop. Date unspecified. ][65] Yoshimura developed a "resistance index of frostbite" based on the mean temperature 5 to 30minutes after immersion in freezing water, the temperature of the first rise after immersion, and the time until the temperature first rises after immersion. 13 Apr 2023 06:39:48 The accusations of both the US and the USSR were true[citation needed], and it is believed that the Japanese had also given information to the Soviets regarding their biological experimentation for judicial leniency. reveals distressing evidence of Unit 731 experiments involving US prisoners and the use of British as control groups in Northern China, Hainau . 541 Likes, 42 Comments - PORTRAITSOUL | Speak Truth (@portraitsoul5.0) on Instagram: ""Unit 731 was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes committed by the Japanese a." PORTRAITSOUL | Speak Truth on Instagram: ""Unit 731 was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes committed by the Japanese armed forces. [5] These operations killed tens of thousands with bubonic plague epidemics. Heavy objects were dropped onto bound victims to study crush injuries, subjects were locked up and deprived of food and water to learn how long humans could survive without them, and victims were allowed to drink only sea water, or were given injections of mismatched human or animal blood to study transfusions and the clotting process. In James M. Ludes, Henry Sokolski (eds.). The Russian lying on the floor suddenly sprang up and knocked the guard down. A Youth Corps member deployed to train at Unit731 recalled viewing a batch of subjects that would undergo syphilis testing: "one was a Chinese woman holding an infant, one was a White Russian woman with a daughter of four or five years of age, and the last was a White Russian woman with a boy of about six or seven. Army Engineer Hisato Yoshimura conducted experiments by taking captives outside, dipping various appendages into water of varying temperatures, and allowing the limb to freeze. Sixty minutes later the pulse was 106 per minute and the temperature was 39.4 degrees. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity", "Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed", "(RARE) Unit 731 surgeon Okawa Fukumatsu (interview footage)", "Interview with former Unit 731 member Nobuo Kamada", "Vivisectionist recalls his day of reckoning", "Unmasking Horror -- A special report. Shiro Ishii ran Unit 731 and performed cruel experiments on prisoners until he was apprehended by the U.S. government and granted full immunity. The disturbances and upheavals that these invasions caused shook China to its very foundations, triggered a civil war and a famine that probably killed more people than currently live in Canada and Australia combined, and lasted until the countrys Soviet liberation in 1945. In 1932, Surgeon General Shir Ishii (, Ishii Shir), chief medical officer of the Imperial Japanese Army and protg of Army Minister Sadao Araki, was placed in command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory (AEPRL). Less discussed than the Holocaust forced on Jewish people during World War II, Unit 731 is Japan's covert biological and chemical research division that primarily operated in China between 1932 and 1945. When the plague bacillus had been bred to what was felt to be a sufficiently lethal caliber, the last generation of victims to be infected were exposed to huge numbers of fleas, Y. pestis preferred vector of contagion. Established by Emperor Hirohito in 1936, Unit 731's exact mission varied over the course of its operations, but two main focuses remained constant. In the 1930s through the second China-Japan war and till the end of World War II, Unit 731 carried out horrific human experiments on the countless prisoners and villagers at Harbin, Northeastern China. To this end, Unit 731 cycled through tens of thousands of captives at several facilities across Manchuria, which had been occupied by imperial forces for years. Based in Japanese-occupied . Once at the inner-prison, technicians would take samples of the prisoners' blood and stool, test their kidney function, and collect other physical data. I sanitised his whole body with disinfectant. [131], In 1997, international lawyer Knen Tsuchiya filed a class action suit against the Japanese government, demanding reparations for the actions of Unit731, using evidence filed by Professor Makoto Ueda of Rikkyo University. Xinhua via Getty ImagesThe frostbitten hands of a Chinese person who was taken outside in winter by Unit 731 personnel for an experiment on how best to treat frostbite. From 1948 to 1958, less than five percent of the documents were transferred onto microfilm and stored in the US National Archives before they were shipped back to Japan.[118]. One element of the unit, called "Maruta," took this research a little further than the usual bounds of medical ethics by observing injuries and the course of disease on living patients. , human Lab japanese unit 731 experiments: Japanese Atrocities, the last Secret of World War II Japan. 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