Georg Wissowa proposed that this might be because the first slaves of the Romans were Latins of the neighboring tribes. Rod of Asclepius vs. Caduceus: Overview & Symbolism | What is the Rod of Asclepius? Publisher. [86], In his wide-ranging, comparative study of mythology and religion, The Golden Bough, anthropologist James George Frazer drew on various lines of evidence to re-interpret the legendary rituals associated with Diana at Nemi, particularly that of the rex Nemorensis. Other family-derived named attested in the ancient literature include Diana Cariciana, Diana Valeriana, and Diana Plancia. In his poetry, Horace deliberately contrasted the kinds of grand, elevated hymns to Diana on behalf of the entire Roman state, the kind of worship that would have been typical at her Aventine temple, with a more personal form of devotion. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Translation Context Grammar Check Synonyms Conjugation. Alexander Chalmers, Samuel Johnson (1810). In the early 1960s, Victor Henry Anderson founded the Feri Tradition, a form of Wicca that draws from both Charles Leland's folklore and the Gardnerian tradition. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. 978-1504709927. Diana is also the name given to Wonder Woman of the DC Universe. Title: Diana the Huntress Artist: Giampietrino (Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli) (Italian, Milanese, active by ca. A few Wiccan traditions would elevate Diana to a more prominent position of worship, and there are two distinct modern branches of Wicca focused primarily on Diana. Tobias Fischer-Hansen & Birte Poulsen, eds. Apollo was associated with the sun; it was common in Greek myth for related deities to have complimentary roles and powers. : ; , . However, while being an icon of chastity, she is also a goddess of fertility. In Neoclassical artwork, she was a common subject of paintings. [4], Portrait drawing of Diana de Poitiers, workshop of Franois Clouet. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. This dual role as goddess of both civilization and the wild, and therefore the civilized countryside, first applied to the Greek goddess Artemis (for example, in the 3rd century BCE poetry of Anacreon). COMPANY | THE DIANA TRADEMARK. In a lot of art, she carries a quiver of arrows to represent her prowess as a hunter. One of the many mysteries in Netflix's Who Killed Sara? Gordon, A.E. Diana was believed to have loved and ruled with her brother, and with him bore a daughter, Aradia (a name likely derived from Herodias), who leads and teaches the witches on earth. De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "CNG-Ancient Greek, Roman, British Coins". As a result, she became associated with many folk beliefs involving goddess-like supernatural figures that Catholic clergy wished to demonize. [5] In her role as a protector of childbirth, Diana was called Diana Lucina, Diana Lucifera or even Juno Lucina, because her domain overlapped with that of the goddess Juno. This was one of the oldest sanctuaries in Campania. The Feri Tradition founded by Anderson continues to recognize Tana/Diana as an aspect of the Star Goddess related to the element of fire, and representing "the fiery womb that gives birth to and transforms all matter. Legend has it that Servius Tullius was impressed with this act of massive political and economic cooperation, and convinced the cities of the Latin League to work with the Romans to build their own temple to the goddess. Actaeon, a young hunter, stumbled across the grotto and accidentally witnessed the goddess bathing without invitation. [43] According to legendary accounts, the sanctuary was founded by Orestes and Iphigenia after they fled from the Tauri. Shunning the company of mortals and gods, Diana preferred the solitude of the forests and kept the company of nymphs and woodland creatures. Natividad . For instance, Apollo was associated with the sun, while Diana came to be associated with the moon. Frazer argued furthermore that Jupiter and Juno were simply duplicate names of Jana and Janus; that is, Diana and Dianus, all of whom had identical functions and origins. [5] At her shrine in Aricia, worshipers left votive terracotta offerings for the goddess in the shapes of babies and wombs, and the temple there also offered care of pups and pregnant dogs. Vulfilaic would later found a church on the site, which is today known as Mont Saint-Walfroy.[82]. [88], Folk legends like the Society of Diana, which linked the goddess to forbidden gatherings of women with spirits, may have influenced later works of folklore. Diana, in Roman religion, goddess of wild animals and the hunt, identified with the Greek goddess Artemis. Statue of Diana the Huntress Barent Graat Barend Graat (1628-1709) Diana the huntress and her dogs, circa 1650 Though the Capitoline Triad were the primary state gods of Rome, early Roman myth did not assign a strict hierarchy to the gods the way Greek mythology did, though the Greek hierarchy would eventually be adopted by Roman religion as well. [86] Based on analysis of church documents and parishioner confessions, it is likely that the spirit identified by the Church as Diana or Herodias was called by names of pre-Christian figures like Holda (a Germanic goddess of the winter solstice), or with names referencing her bringing of prosperity, like the Latin Abundia (meaning "plenty"), Satia (meaning "full" or "plentiful") and the Italian Richella (meaning "rich"). Many of these were probably local goddesses, and wood nymphs or dryads, which had been conflated with Diana by Christian writers Latinizing local names and traditions. This probably arose as an extension of her association with the moon, whose cycles were believed to parallel the menstrual cycle, and which was used to track the months during pregnancy. Herodias was often conflated with her daughter Salome in legend, which also holds that, upon being presented with the severed head of John the Baptist, she was blown into the air by wind from the saint's mouth, through which she continued to wander for eternity. As a goddess of virginity, she provided an opportunity for young women to worship her and to choose to become virgins in her temple. Earth Goddess Gaia Mythology, Facts & Stories | Who is Gaia? Jean-Antoine HoudonDiana178282 in. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. (2009). Catullus wrote a poem to Diana in which she has more than one alias: Latonia, Lucina, Juno, Trivia, Luna. They are historical documents reflecting the attitudes . As explained by Ragnos (2000), "The aspect of reality which Artemis and Hera share, and because of which they engage in a symbolic conflict, is the engendering of life." This might indicate a cultural mixture of medieval folk ideas with holdovers from earlier pagan belief systems. Gordon, Arthur E., "On the Origin of Diana," 186; and Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911, "Nemorensis Lacus," 369, which cites Strabo, Pausanius, and Servius as the first sources for the rex N. legend. She had a temple in Rome on the Aventine Hill, according to tradition dedicated by king Servius Tullius. [44], In the Roman provinces, Diana was widely worshiped alongside local deities. [1] It is in the Louvre, which acquired it in 1840. [86] The earliest reports of these legends appear in the writings of Regino of Prm in the year 899, followed by many additional reports and variants of the legend in documents by Ratherius and others. According to Roman mythology, Diana was the daughter of Jupiter and Latona and twin of the god of light, Apollo. This care of infants also extended to the training of both young people and dogs, especially for hunting. [5] In the 1st-century CE play Medea, Seneca's titular sorceress calls on Trivia to cast a magic spell. Projecting this principle into the lower, Hypercosmic realm of reality generated a lower monad, Kore, who could therefore be understood as Ceres' "daughter". [30], By the 3rd century BCE, Diana is found listed among the twelve major gods of the Roman pantheon by the poet Ennius. She was associated with a wide variety of traits, some of which were contradictory. Both men and women would pray to Diana in hopes of having a successful hunt. Diana was often conflated with Hecate, a goddess associated with the spirits of the dead and with witchcraft. Nemi was a logical place to worship Diana in her capacity as a huntress because the town itself exemplified the trope of the hunter becoming the hunted. DIANA THE HUNTRESS Roman Greek Goddess Artemis BRONZE Nude Sculpture Artwork | Art, Art Sculptures | eBay! It finds a home in the new Portico Gallery, while the ongoing display of other sculptures and ceramics will rotate periodically. This makes her one of the more complex deities of ancient Rome, one with a fascinating role as both protector and hunter. Her nymphs, sitting with Pan on earth in a wooded glen, are sad. Wallworth, William (2015). These associations, and the fact that both figures are attested to in the Bible, made them a natural fit for the leader of the ghostly procession. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Artemis diana of versailles huntress w/ deer statue greek roman 10 inches 5 out of 5 stars (1.3k . There were many different ways to worship her because she was associated with so many different things. Historically, Diana made up a triad with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and assistant midwife; and Virbius, the woodland god. Previous page. Deadfamilies.com. [72] She also became the goddess of childbirth and ruled over the countryside. At Versailles she was incorporated into the Olympian iconography with which Louis XIV, the Apollo-like "Sun King" liked to surround himself. {{selectedLanguage.Name}} Varro mentions her in the list of deities to whom king Titus Tatius promised to build a shrine. Such gods, while keeping the original features of celestial divinities (i.e. 1 pages. [12][45] Historical evidence suggests that worship of Diana at Nemi flourished from at least the 6th century BCE[45] until the 2nd century CE. To ensure both of these, the Romans turned to Diana, the goddess of the hunt. No Christian should make or render any devotion to the gods of the trivium, where three roads meet, to the fanes or the rocks, or springs or groves or corners. Who is Diana, the goddess of the hunt in ancient Rome? [4]Michael Drayton praises the Triple Diana in poem The Man in the Moone (1606): "So these great three most powerful of the rest, Phoebe, Diana, Hecate, do tell. Anguelova, V. N. (2011). All rights reserved. One of these is Charles Godfrey Leland's Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which prominently featured Diana at the center of an Italian witch-cult. Plutarch explains this by way of reference to a legend surrounding the sacrifice of an impressive Sabine bull by King Servius at the founding of the Aventine temple. Evidence suggests that a confrontation occurred between two groups of Etruscans who fought for supremacy, those from Tarquinia, Vulci and Caere (allied with the Greeks of Capua) and those of Clusium. [30], Once Greek influence had caused Diana to be considered identical to the Greek goddess Artemis, Diana acquired Artemis's physical description, attributes, and variants of her myths as well. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. She was associated with a wide variety of traits, some of which were contradictory. Poor Diana! The iconographical analysis allows the dating of this image to the 6th century at which time there are Etruscan models. [6][7] It stems from Proto-Indo-European *diwys ('divine, heavenly'), formed with the stem *dyew- ('daylight sky') attached the thematic suffix -ys. A master of the bow, Diana was the greatest of all hunters. She was the twin sister of the god Apollo. succeed. Sasha Blakeley has a Bachelor's in English Literature from McGill University and a TEFL certification. Her brother Apollo disapproved of the potential romance, however. A bronze diana the huntress can differ in price owing to various characteristics the average selling price 1stDibs is $4,800, while the lowest priced sells for $1,200 and the highest can go for as much as $37,500. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. This book was written in 1985, and the story is set in 1800s Regency England with a nice blend of good behaviour and naughty antics, prim and proper versus wild abandon as Diana dresses as a man to go hunting with the good fellows who enjoy killing innocent animals. Unlike the Greek gods, Roman gods were originally considered to be numina: divine powers of presence and will that did not necessarily have physical form. $184.49. He too gives origin to kingship and the first king, bestowing on him regal prerogatives. Pp. (1984). Though few details have been recorded, enough references to Diana worship during the early Christian period exist to give some indication that it may have been relatively widespread among remote and rural communities throughout Europe, and that such beliefs persisted into the Merovingian period. They were born on Delos and, like most Roman deities, were born as full-grown. The Sound of Silence: Sacred Place in Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Devotional Art. Uraeus Egyptian Snake | Egyptian Mythology, Symbolism & Examples. [2], In its linear elegance the painting exemplifies the French version of the Northern Mannerist style that was introduced to France by Italian artists such as Rosso Fiorentino and Francesco Primaticcio in the 1530s. The earliest depictions of the Artemis of Ephesus are found on Ephesian coins from this period. Diana the Huntress. Since the Renaissance, Diana's myths have often been represented in the visual and dramatic arts, including the opera L'arbore di Diana. "Trivia" comes from the Latin trivium, "triple way", and refers to Diana's guardianship over roadways, particularly Y-junctions or three-way crossroads. Historian Carlo Ginzburg has referred to these legendary spirit gatherings as "The Society of Diana". To prevent Diana and Orion from getting together, Apollo tricked his sister into shooting Orion by convincing her that she was shooting at a target. There, Diana, the goddess of the woods, would bathe and rest after a hunt. [12], The first major temple dedicated primarily to Diana in the vicinity of Rome was the Temple of Diana Aventina (Diana of the Aventine Hill). .. None should call the sun or moon lord or swear by them. Gary, Gemma (2018). According to the Roman historian Livy, the construction of this temple began in the 6th century BCE and was inspired by stories of the massive Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, which was said to have been built through the combined efforts of all the cities of Asia Minor. This story was part of the mythological tradition on the importance of Diana's virginity and her strength as the Roman god of hunting. Check out our diana huntress selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our costume hats & headpieces shops. On one side, she is a celestial being, representing light, virginity, and purity. In Rome, Diana was regarded with great reverence and was a patroness of lower-class citizens, called plebeians, as well as slaves, who could receive asylum in her temples. Her name is akin to the Latin words dium ("sky") and dius ("daylight"). In addition to virginity and chastity, Diana is associated with fertility and childbirth, sometimes functioning as a protector of young children. [54] The process of identification between the two goddesses probably began when artists who were commissioned to create new cult statues for Diana's temples outside Nemi were struck by the similar attributes between Diana and the more familiar Artemis, and sculpted Diana in a manner inspired by previous depictions of Artemis. This tradition combines elements from British Traditional Wicca, Italian folk-magic based on the work of Charles Leland, feminist values, and healing practices drawn from a variety of different cultures. Worship of Diana probably spread into the city of Rome beginning around 550 BCE,[45] during her Hellenization and combination with the Greek goddess Artemis. A depiction of Diana the Roman goddess with the shepherd Endymion. [92] Historian Elliot Rose's A Razor for a Goat dismissed Aradia as a collection of incantations unsuccessfully attempting to portray a religion. [68], Later temple dedications often were based on the model for ritual formulas and regulations of the Temple of Diana. Tauropolos is an ancient epithet attached to Artemis, Hecate, and even Athena. The persona of Diana is complex, and contains a number of archaic features. By the Imperial period, small marble statues of the Ephesian Artemis were being produced in the Western region of the Mediterranean and were often bought by Roman patrons. [5], When worship of Apollo was first introduced to Rome, Diana became conflated with Apollo's sister Artemis as in the earlier Greek myths, and as such she became identified as the daughter of Apollo's parents Latona and Jupiter. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diana-Roman-religion, National Museums Liverpool - Diana, Goddess of the Chase, Diana - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He saw her bathing in the woods one day and to punish him for watching her, she turned him into a stag and set her hunting dogs on him. Some of these myths directly parallel stories about Artemis, while others are unique to Roman culture. Diana was the Roman goddess of the hunt, unspoiled nature and the animals that inhabited it. [43] Sir James George Frazer wrote of this sacred grove in The Golden Bough, basing his interpretation on brief remarks in Strabo (5.3.12), Pausanias (2,27.24) and Servius' commentary on the Aeneid (6.136). Orion was a giant huntsman with whom Diana fell in love. people regard Diana and the moon as one and the same. "On the Origin of Diana", Supposed Greek origins for the Aricia cult are strictly a. Poulsen, B. [67] However, there is no compelling evidence for such an early construction of the temple, and it is more likely that it was built in the 3rd century BCE, following the influence of the temple at Nemi, and probably about the same time the first temples to Vertumnus (who was associated with Diana) were built in Rome (264 BCE). Despite their similarities, it is important to think of them as goddesses from different traditions rather than manifestations of the same deity. The deer may also offer a covert reference to the myth of Acteon (or Actaeon), who saw her bathing naked. In retaliation, Diana splashed him with water from the pool, cursing him, and he transformed into a deer. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. .. No one should tell fate or fortune or horoscopes by them as those do who believe that a person must be what he was born to be. Andreas Alfldi interpreted an image on a late Republican coin as the Latin Diana "conceived as a threefold unity of the divine huntress, the Moon goddess and the goddess of the nether world, Hekate". Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In this role, she was often given a name reflecting the tribe of family who worshiped her and asked for her protection. Diana is also a character in the 1876 Lo Delibes ballet Sylvia. Who is the goddess Diana in a Roman context? "Victor Henry Anderson (19172001)". Audoin drew together the familiar admonitions of Eligius to the people of Flanders. [45] The misconception that the Aventine Temple was inspired by the Ephesian Temple might originate in the fact that the cult images and statues used at the former were based heavily on those found in the latter. [5], Diana was often considered to be a goddess associated with fertility and childbirth, and the protection of women during labor. In some versions of the Endymion myth, on nights where the new moon rose, Diana would go down and visit Endymion in the cave because she did not have to spend time in the sky as the embodiment of the moon. In some versions of the myth, Endymion still sleeps in the cave and is watched over by Diana. Worshipers traveled to Nemi carrying torches and garlands, and once at the lake, they left pieces of thread tied to fences and tablets inscribed with prayers. The king in this scheme served not only as a high priest but as a god of the grove. Diana was usually depicted as a young woman wearing a short tunic. The stars Canis Major and Canis Minor were said to be Orion's favorite hunting dogs, also sent up into the sky by Diana to keep him company. In Roman art Diana usually appears as a huntress with bow and quiver, accompanied by a hound or deer. Diana, therefore, reflects the heavenly world in its sovereignty, supremacy, impassibility, and indifference towards such secular matters as the fates of mortals and states. Excavation of 1791 by cardinal Despuig not mentioned in the report: cf. original territory of the city, in order to comply with the tradition that Diana was a goddess common to all Latins and not exclusively of the Romans. "Diana Nemorensis, desse latine, desse hellnise" in, Suidas s.v. (114 x 59.1 cm) Classification: Paintings Credit Line: Purchase, Mr. and Mrs. Frank E. Richardson Gift, 1989 Accession Number: 1989.21 Learn more about this artwork All rights reserved. VII 6, 4: the people of Aricia help Aristdemos in bringing home the Etruscan booty. An error occurred trying to load this video. Sanctuaries of the Goddess of the Hunt. A Princess is Dancing with her lover. [41], According to Plutarch, men and women alike were worshipers of Diana and were welcomed into all of her temples. Witchcraft scholar Jeffrey Russell devoted some of his 1980 book A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans to arguing against the claims Leland presented in Aradia. In the 16th century, Diana's image figured prominently at the chteaus of Fontainebleau, Chenonceau, & at Anet, in deference to Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henri of France. This website helped me pass! [2] Sponsored. [5], Legend has it that Diana's high priest at Nemi, known as the Rex Nemorensis, was always an escaped slave who could only obtain the position by defeating his predecessor in a fight to the death. [81] References to contemporary Diana worship exist from the 6th century on the Iberian peninsula and what is now southern France,[81] though more detailed accounts of Dianic cults were given for the Low Countries, and southern Belgium in particular. According to a myth that was adapted from the birth of Artemis, Diana was born to Jupiter and Latona. In Tobias Fischer-Hansen & Birte Poulsen, eds. Her sovereignty in Heaven, in Earth and Hell". "[88] Robert Ackerman wrote that, for anthropologists, Frazer is "an embarrassment" for being "the most famous of them all" and that most distance themselves from his work. Dionysius Hal. Poulsen, B. If not, they would bring curses to the family. James George Frazer, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931), 3:259275. Sanctuaries of Artemis and the Domitii Ahenobarbi. [86] In Leland's interpretation of supposed Italian folk witchcraft, Diana is considered Queen of the Witches. [56] The cult introduced by Orestes at Nemi is apparently that of the Artemis Tauropolos. [104][102], A third Neopagan tradition heavily inspired by the worship of Diana through the lens of Italian folklore is Stregheria, founded in the 1980s. None should presume to hang any phylacteries from the neck of man nor beast. Asbyte and huntress goddess Diana recombine Valerius Flaccus' war-goddess Bellona and Amazon defeated by Hercules, and (c) that both intermediaries recombined Virgil's Camilla and Venus in unique and different ways. [47][48], A festival to Diana, the Nemoralia, was held yearly at Nemi on the Ides of August (August 1315[49]). However, Diana also rose to prominence in association with another group. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 [60] The only possible interpretatio graeca of high antiquity concerning Diana Nemorensis could have been the one based on this ancient aspect of a deity of light, master of wildlife. For more information on 2014 Kjos String Music:http://www.kjos.com/sub_section.php?division=0&series=346Diana the Huntress by Jeremy WoolstenhulmeGrade 2set:. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Proclus, citing Orphic tradition, concludes that Diana "presides over all the generation in nature, and is the midwife of physical productive principles" and that she "extends these genitals, distributing as far as to subterranean natures the prolific power of [Bacchus]. Associated with Diana at Aricia were Egeria, the spirit of a nearby stream who shared with Diana the guardianship of childbirth, and the hero Virbius (the Roman counterpart of Hippolytus), who was said to have been the first priest of Dianas cult at Aricia. Frazer claimed that this motif of death and rebirth is central to nearly all of the world's religions and mythologies. While Diana is a triple-form deity, she was predominantly a hunting and moon goddess. This meant that the cult of Diana was considered somewhat mysterious and strange, just like the cult of Dionysus (or Bacchus, the Roman name for the Greek god). The date coincides with the founding dates celebrated at Aricium. "[100] (In Aradia, Diana is also credited as the creatrix of the material world and Queen of Faeries[101]). antique illustration: diana of versailles or artemis, goddess of the hunt - diana the huntress stock illustrations. Diana has been one of the most popular themes in art. Diana was very important to mythology and to the people of ancient Rome. the priest of Artemis Artemidoros of Ephesus. [45] Whatever its initial construction date, records show that the Avantine Temple was rebuilt by Lucius Cornificius in 32 BCE. A daughter of Jupiter, Diana was the twin sister of Apollo. One of the myths most commonly associated with Diana is the myth of Actaeon. Diana[a] is a goddess in Roman and Hellenistic religion, primarily considered a patroness of the countryside, hunters, crossroads, and the Moon. Finding the Right decorative-objects for You Selene, Greek Moon Goddess | Appearance, Role & Symbolism, Amun-Ra Egyptian God | Temple, Hieroglyphics & Facts. Actaeon was a hunter who came across Diana in the woods one day while she was bathing and watched her in secret. Find more prominent pieces of mythological painting at Wikiart.org - best visual art database. As a rural sanctuary, it included lands and estates that would have been worked by slaves following the Roman conquest of Campania, and records show that expansion and renovation projects at her temple were funded in part by other conquests by Roman military campaigns. Remacle was a monk appointed by Eligius to head a monastery at Solignac, and he is reported to have encountered Diana worship in the area around the river Warche. Selene, Greek Moon Goddess | Appearance, Role & Symbolism, Amun-Ra Egyptian God | Temple, Hieroglyphics & Facts. Like Artemis, Diana is usually depicted in art wearing a womens chiton, shortened in the kolpos style to facilitate mobility during hunting, with a hunting bow and quiver, and often accompanied by hunting dogs. Diana Hunting, Guillaume Seignac The persona of Diana is complex, and contains a number of archaic features. In this role, Diana is granted undefiled power (Amilieti) from the other gods. [103] The second Dianic tradition, founded by Zsuzsanna Budapest in the mid 1970s, is characterized by an exclusive focus on the feminine aspect of the divine, and as a result is exclusively female. Next page. At the same time, however, she is seen as active in ensuring the succession of kings and in the preservation of humankind through the protection of childbirth. As we learned, in Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of the hunt, wild animals, the moon, childbirth, children, and was also associated with fertility. Maurus Servius Honoratus said that the same goddess was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpina in hell. If the house was in good order, they would bring fertility and plenty. She was worshiped there as Diana Tifatina. Diana was originally an Italian goddess whose story later became a parallel for Artemis, her Greek counterpart. Building on the work of Frazer, Murray, and others, some 20th and 21st century authors have attempted to identify links between Diana and more localized deities. Artemis and Diana share a lot of their mythology, but they have different origins and are not the same. She was seen as their protector. 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